Pre-nineteenth century - focus on physical punishments designed as deterrent.

Death penalty for murder until 1965.

Executions public until 1869 (procession to Tyburn ended 1760s).

Nineteenth century developed idea of rehabilitating prisoners - increase in prisons.

Fines, community service used since Romans in varying amounts.

'Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime'

New Labour argue poverty and unemployment have been reduced - leading to reduction in crime rate.

Introduced many laws to combat crime, focusing on issues of 'anti-social behaviour'

Introduced 1998.

Civil order, issued by magistrates' court

Breaching an order may lead to fine/jail sentence as becomes criminal.

Given for: vandalism, theft, abusive behaviour, harassment, fly-posting, begging.

By 2006 - 7,356 given out over previous 7 years.

Criticisms: do not deal with root cause, target weak and vulnerable, label people. Can be seen as 'badge of honour'. Attack on civil liberties as few restrictions on what they can be used for.

Voluntary.

Tailored to individual, focused on young people.

Designed to help behaviour change, working with a team of people.

Contract first - encourage parents to improve parenting skills, attend classes etc.

Order second - made by magistrates' court where child involved in criminal behaviour. Can require parents to attend classes or residential programme.

Controversial.

Ban children (under 16s) from public places. Organised by councils. Can be in place for up to 90 days.

Dispersal orders can break up groups of 2 or more if seen as a nuisance. Can be arrested if you don't comply.

Criticised for labelling and demonising young people.