Plants

Plants

• A flower is a autotroph meaning it makes it's own food
• It is also a eukaryote many it has many cells and a nucleus
• And it must have a cell wall to protect

Plant adaptations on land

• To survive on land plants must find a way to obtain water and nutrients from their surroundings
• And be able to transport materials on their bodies
• And must be able to support their bodies and reproduce

Non vascular plants

• These plants are low growing and do not have roots
• They obtain water directly from their surroundings
• The reason why the plants do not grow well is because they have thin cell walls

Mosses

• These plant do not have true vascular tissue but use rhizoids to get water and nutrients
• They have more than 10'000 species in there family
• This plant is a sporophyte the spores are in the capsule at the end of the slender stem

Liverworts

• There is over 8,000 species of liverworts
• They get there name because they look like human livers and worts is a word for plant
• These plants are sporophytes that are to small to see

Hornworts

• There are less than 100 species of hornworts
• These plants grow from long curved structure that grows from a gametophytes these plants are sporophytes
• These plants are found mostly in moist places and is mixed in with grass usually

Seedless vascular plants

• Do not reproduce by seeds but by producing spores
• This type of plant includes ferns,horsetails,and club mosses
• The spores they release once they have fertilized became gametophyte

Ferns

• The name of the lead for this plant is called a frond the stems of most ferns are underground
• There are more than 12,000 species of ferns
• The top of fronds have cuticle which helps the fern contain water mature fronds have spores on the bottom of them

Horse tails

• There are very few species of horsetails on earth
• The stem contains a silica a gritty substance that is found in sands these plant were used to scrub pots in Americas colonial times
• Their stems are jointed and have needle like branches that go in a circle around each joint

Club mosses

• There are only a few hundred species of club moss
• Unlike regular moss club moss has true vascular tissue and looks like a tiny pine tree coming out of the ground
• They are usually called a ground pine or princess pine

Seed plant

• Seed plants outnumber seedless plants
• They use pollen and seeds to reproduce
• Gametophyte seed plants are microscopic

Vascular tissue phloem/xylem

• The phloem transports food in and out of the plant
• The xylem transports water into the plant
• New phloem and xylem are made by cambium

Pollen and seeds

• A seed is a structure that contains a young plant in a protective covering
• Pollen is a tiny structure that contains cells that later become sperm cells

Seed structure

• A seed has three main parts an embryo,stored food, and a seed coat
• An embryo is the young organism that develops from a zygote
• The seed coat protects the embryo from drying out
• And the stored food is there to give nutrients to the embryo

Seed dispersal

• Seed dispersal can happen in many ways
• One is that a seed snags on to an animal and eventually falls off somewhere else
• Animals can also eat a plant or fruit and eventually poop out the seed and fertilize the soil
• Or a seed can land in the ocean or a river and be taken somewhere else

Germination

• Germination is when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out of the seed
• Germination begins when the seed absorbs water from the environment
• The plant that just grew out of the seed is called a seedling

Roots

• Roots anchor the plant to the ground
• The roots help the plant gather water and nutrients from its surroundings
• The roots a plant has spread across the area the more nutrients and water it gets

Stems

• The stem carries food and water through the plants leaves and roots
• The stems also supports the plant and holds its leaves up to the sun
• Stems can be herbaceous or woody herbaceous are often soft while woody is hard and rigid

Leaves

• Leaves capture the sun's energy and turns it into food for the plant in a process called photosynthesis
• The leaf contains veins of phoelem and xylem
• The surface layer of the leave contains stomas that close up to keep water in

Gymnosperms

• This type of plant is a seed plant that produces naked seeds
• Each gymnosperms have needle or scale like leaves and deep growing root systems
• Gymnosperms are the oldest type of seed plants said to have first appeared on earth 360,000,000 years ago

Example of gymnosperms

• Cycads 175,000,000 years ago were most of the trees now they just grow in tropical areas and look like palm trees with cones
• Conifers are the largest and most diverse group of gymnosperms they are evergreens they keep their leaves almost all year round
• Ginkgoes grew hundreds of millions of years ago but now only one species exists they are planted along side city streets because they can handle the air pollution
• Gnetophytes grow in desserts and tropical rain forests some are trees some are shrubs and some are vines one of these plants can live 1,000 years

Angiosperm

• Angiosperm are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits
• They can grow any where on the article, the desert,and even the edge of the ocean
• Angiosperms use sepals to protect the enclosed seeds and use petals to attract pollenaters

Example of angiosperm

• Tulips are monocots that have long slender leaves with veins growing parralel to them and have 3 petals
• Roses are dicots that have 4 or 5 petals they have leaves that are wide and have many branching veins

Monocot vs dicot

• Monocots are things like,grass,wheat,corn,and tulips
• Dicots are things like roses,violets,dandelions,and some trees
• Monocots have long slender leaves with veins that go parallel to the leaves and usually have three petals
• Dicots have wide leaves with veins that branch out a lot and usually have four or five petals

Plant tropism: light,touch,gravity

• Some plant react to thigmotropism which means they react when touched some plants like grapes coil around what they touch when growing
• All plants react to light with phototropism with their leaves and stems facing the sun plant go towards the sun for better photosynthesis
• Plan react to gravity with gravitropism their stems show negative gravitropism and grow up their roots show positive gravitropism and grow downward