The Senses
Published on Nov 22, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
TASTE SMELL & KINESTHESIS
Photo by pietroizzo
TASTE
Gustatory System
The gustatory system is used for taste discrimination, which tells the difference between foods using the taste receptors located on our tongues.
Taste has Sensory Interaction with smell
Sensory Interaction- interaction of senses to each other and how they influence each other.
For example, food tastes more bland when you have a stuffy nose.
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For example, food tastes more bland when you have a stuffy nose.
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Photo by djwtwo
Taste Buds
Taste Buds are nerve endings that are located on the tongue and back of the throat and are responsible for our sensation of taste. They contain taste receptor cells which chemically react with food molecules and saliva to produce taste. The average human has approximately 10,000 taste buds. Interestingly, you lose taste buds as you age.
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Papillae
Small bumps on the skin that hold taste buds, which in turn hold the taste receptors in the tongue and throat, on the inside of the cheeks, and on the roof of the mouth.
Pathway of Tasting
Transduction occurs when different taste substances cause a change in the flow of ions across the membrane of a taste cell.
Different substances affect the membrane in different ways.
Electrical signals generated in the taste cells are transmitted in three pathways:
The chorda tympani nerve conducts signals from the front and sides of the tongue.
The glosso-pharyngeal nerve conducts signals from the back of the tongue.
The vagus nerve conducts taste signals from the mouth and the larynx.
These three nerves make connections in the brain stem in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) before going on to the thalamus and then to two regions of the frontal lobe (the insula and the frontal operculum cortex).
Different substances affect the membrane in different ways.
Electrical signals generated in the taste cells are transmitted in three pathways:
The chorda tympani nerve conducts signals from the front and sides of the tongue.
The glosso-pharyngeal nerve conducts signals from the back of the tongue.
The vagus nerve conducts taste signals from the mouth and the larynx.
These three nerves make connections in the brain stem in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) before going on to the thalamus and then to two regions of the frontal lobe (the insula and the frontal operculum cortex).
Are you a supertaster?
SMELL
Untitled Slide
Olfaction: relating to the sense of smell
Olfactory bulbs -> Brain center (typically hippocampus to remember)
Process of smelling (basic):
Chemicals in the air -> Nostril -> Mucus in nostril -> Olfactory receptors
Anosmics - inability to perceive odor (Can be temporary or permanent)
Nasal Cavity
Aromatherapy & Smell's Effect on Emotion
4 Pheromones:
Releaser- immediate response that is quick and reliable, typically sexual
Primer- Slower response than releaser, influences development and production (such as puberty and pregnancy)
Signaler- provides information such as genetic odor print, recognized by mothers but not fathers
Modular- alerts and syncs bodily functions (such as sweat and menstrual cycles)
Photo by snailsareslimy
Kinesthesis
Kinesthesis - Sensation of movement or strain in muscles
Vestibular Sense - inner ear structures that register orientation of the head
Vestibular sacs - Detect head tilting on vertical plane (located in the inner ear)
Photo by peasap
Semicircular Sacs/Canals- indicate rotational movements
Position & Motion Sensors- Sensors that detect your position relative to movement
Photo by Werner Kunz
