Steel:
*strong, tough, durable, versatile, protected with coatings: galvanization, powder coating, painting
*350 tons of steel produced each 30 minute cycle but 57,000 gallons water per 1 ton steel for production
*easily separated from waste stream due to magnetic properties
*highly recyclable 2200 lbs recycled steel saves 3300 ore, 11000 coal, 75% energy to make
*Bad quarrying conditions for workers can lead to pulmonary diseases from mining

Glass:
*high strength, durable, colors, reflective
*Continuous heat process for glass furnace but energy efficient production process
*Lots of water used for cooling process and washing recycled glass
*Non-toxic glass finish
*Construction glass typically ends up in landfills
*SO2 from fuel/decomposting of sulfate can contribute to acidifcation and formation of smog

Artificial Turf:
*High strength, durable
grass is nylon or polypropylene and cushion systems infill is rubber components/ polyester/foam/rubber tires
*tire rubber scrap volatilize in air and leach into percolating rainwater
*water used to wet field before
play
*hygiene of sweaty athletes
*dyes/toxins to make colored fields

Over the past 20 years steel’s market share has increased to over 90% for single-story industrial buildings and more than 70% for multi-story non-residential buildings.

Steel is lightweight today -The Golden Gate Bridge today would only need half the 83,000 tonnes of steel that it was built with. I do not think there are any other material options that have the intensity of steel and are able to span the distances needed in stadiums like AT&T.

Electrochemical process:
*Electrochemical processes (electrowinning) used to produce iron ore are in an early R&D phase
*Aluminum is produced this way and lead, copper, gold, silver, zinc and others use this approach in their production
*Offers possibility to produce iron without the use of carbonaceous fuels
*It this tech breakthrough happens large quantities of low cost, low carbon electricity available=production of iron and steel with significantly reduced carbon emissions

Multicycled Endlessly:
*strength & durability with recyclability, again and again, without ever losing quality= compatibility with long term sustainable development
*96& of steel construction components recovered this way in the UK, globally about 50%

Offsite Fabrication:
*Offsite fabrication of components and rapid on-site assembly for safe construction material
*fabrication under controlled factory conditions reduces need for potentially hazardous on site storage
*Rapid waste-free assembly from precise fabrication
*Technology has allowed for trial assemblies and erection procedures planned in 3d models

Fun Facts:
*93% of steel is recycled, 6% re-used and 1% goes to landfill.
*6oo steel/tin cans are recycled every second
*Recycling steel sves the equivalent energy to power 18,000,000 households for a year
*every ton of steel recycled 1200 of iron ore, 650 kg or coal and 55 kg limestone are conserved
*it takes 4 recycled cars to frame a typical 2000 sq. ft. house compared to 40 trees to build a wood framed home

*Economically cost savings start from the foundations where the loads imposed are up to 50% less with steel than concrete
*Foundations can be smaller and now will use less materials and cost less all around Ex. One Kingdom Street in London was estimated to vary between 32.3mt (steel frame) and 55.4mt(concrete frame) a 72% difference
*Speed of construction decreases 3-5% of the overall project value
*Cost savings in a competitive market from steel supply chain and cost savings benefits
*Long-life durability and flexibility for changing times and future building uses
*Integrative design in all aspects of the steel industry from supply chain to design and development
*In the geosphere the CO2 produced, gallons of water used, and slag byproducts accumulated are the same but the lightweight steel produced today and current R&D shows some promising ideas for the future
*Socially steel is widely accepted for infrastructure because it provides more room for natural light to get into the depths of buildings.
*Factory based steel-making and fabrication supports a stable local workforce benefiting life and stable communities as well as the safest forms of construction with risk free working practices.

*A remaining issues is that there is no biomass potential for process heat in the iron and steel industry by 2050.
*The LCA is all stemming from ore mining. Although the majority of steel is recycled, there needs to be a renewably-sourced product and process.

By combining the benefits of aluminum, vinyl, and wood windows, fiberglass composites provide aesthetics and longevity for any environmental condition.

*Excellent for strength, hot/cold performance, thermal expansion, impact resistance, durability and energy efficiency with low maintenance
*Currently used in automotive, boats, bridge and highway construction, and residential and institutional buildings industries
*Based on certification from stringent industry testing standards, fiberglass composite fenestration has a superior performance in any environment
*Economically competitive alternative to vinyl window products

Window and Advanced Glazing Systems LCA for Non-Renewable Energy.
*LCA the price of raw materials in fiberglass are expected to have a lower rate of increase in the next 5 years over other materials
*In terms of aluminum mullions used at AT&T stadium, aluminum requires high energy levels during manufacturing and vinyl production is oil-based. *Fiberglass composite needs less embodied energy to produced than vinyl and aluminum and uses less energy over the life cycle of the material.
*The preponderance of the post-production phase is evident for those materials that require particular maintenance or waste treatment (Laminated, Hard-Coated and Diffused Glass). However, the clear float pane presents a very limited post-production value due to its high recycling value.

*It has been shown that even if the advanced windows have a slightly higher environmental impact during their life-cycle, the difference is not significant compared to the energy gains they provide during the utilization phase due to their insulation properties.
*The application of advanced glazing systems already constitutes an interesting reality from the LCA and energy viewpoint
*A new generation of smart glazing systems is appearing on the market. Sometimes they need heavy production cycles but at the same time they offer high performing technical characteristics such as anidolic systems. It will be interesting to compute the efficiency of these new glazing systems, in terms of energy cost, in order to establish the real amortizing time-gap.

Endemic plant to NA, only turfgrass native to our environment
*great in arid regions, drought resistant, enjoys a minimum of 6-8 hours direct sunlight a day
*requires little maintenance and only grows about 8 inches so only an annual moving is needed
*dense and keeps weeds out
*goes dormant until moisture is available and in late fall and winter in hot climates like Arizona
*ideal for backyard lawn and not for a sports field
not always the greenest and not good in areas with a high level of salt in the soil
*not good in cold climates but has a better cold tolerance than other warm-season turf grasses
*since it grows slowly not good for sports fields and it is easily torn up by cleats
*more expensive than other turfgrass species due to harvesting $15-25 a 1/2 lb of seeds 250 sq ft
fertilizer is needed to grow it initially

Nation's First "Organic" Artificial Turf Field: NYC Riverdale Country School by Geo Turf USA organic infill made with 100% recyclable coconut fibers and cork.
*Much better alternative to crumb rubber turf infill systems
*lead/zinc-free since tires are not used and coconut fibers and cork used are recycled and can continue to be recycled over and over again
*can be recycled on site as a planting medium or as a soil additive in a rain garden
*plastic backing can also be recycled into other plastic products
*geo turf is cooler than rubber infill and more closely replicates the evaporative cycle of natural turf
*reduces the heat signature of both surface and air temperatures associated with recycled tire or crumb rubber infill
*athletes like that the infill doesn't get into their shoes and it feels like regular grass
*better foot stability compared to other synthetic turf and grass fields

*Sourcing of materials and patented manufacturing processes save energy and materials voer traditional production methods
*lower bulk density reduces transportation and installation costs
*less disturbance to the natural environment due to optional impact-absorbing, sub-base
*contaminated water runoff is eliminated and end of life costs are reduced: hazardous materials containing lead and other toxins from an average size sports field can cost as much as $300,000
*this field installation is expected to reduce O+M costs by $31,000 annually compared to natural gas
*field will conserve nearly 2 million gallons of water per year and eliminate the need for pesticides and fertizer
*turf production, shipping and end of life disposal represent large carbon inputs
*synthetic fields do not sequester atmospheric carbon as grass does

*Having a LCA is key in knowing whether or not to pick a certain material. A more sustainable material at first glance may not be when looking at the production process or raw materials extraction.
*All processes are looking to become more sustainable. Steel is a more sustainable process than it used to be and now creates a material half the weight of what it used to be. Fiberglass is not yet a fully sustainable process but using fiberglass fenestration has great advantages that currently outweigh the not-so-sustainable process. Turf is a sustainable process but this is still a newer concept and many options are available for the field and infill systems while decreasing yearly costs immensely.

*new lightweight steel is dramatically changing the market and it will continue to do so. although the process is still oil-based, the amount of steel that can and is recycled over and over again helps to offset that value. there is also no other materials that have the strength and intensity need to space a couple 100 yards for sports stadiums. steel is the only option.
*fiberglass has great properties but not the best production processes from renewable resources. I think there is still something out there better for the environment for glass. I think this is in the right direction.
*Buffalo grass is good for residences but organic turf is great for sports fields! This is a recommendation due to highly recyclable coconut fibers and cork. The production processes are less harmful for the environment and the infill is better for humans to be around and less toxic especially in terms of rain water run-on. The cost savings of Geo turf are huge! I would love to play on this Geo turf field

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