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Slide Notes
1st Civil War ends 1646
Charles is imprisoned by the Scots, though us still politically active to some degree, and is considered necessary by himself and others for the constitution.
At this point the concept of a second war, though there is resistance to Cromwell, and the execution of the King, are not on the cards.
Charles is imprisoned by the Scots, though us still politically active to some degree, and is considered necessary by himself and others for the constitution.
At this point the concept of a second war, though there is resistance to Cromwell, and the execution of the King, are not on the cards.
2nd Civil War
Published on Nov 21, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
2ND CIVIL WAR
FEB 1648 - 30 JAN 49
1st Civil War ends 1646
Charles is imprisoned by the Scots, though us still politically active to some degree, and is considered necessary by himself and others for the constitution.
At this point the concept of a second war, though there is resistance to Cromwell, and the execution of the King, are not on the cards.
Charles is imprisoned by the Scots, though us still politically active to some degree, and is considered necessary by himself and others for the constitution.
At this point the concept of a second war, though there is resistance to Cromwell, and the execution of the King, are not on the cards.
THREE MAIN FACTIONS
- Royalists -
- Scottish support
- New Model Army
- Presbyterians
Royalists headed by; Duke of Hamilton, earl of Norwich, Lord Capel and have Scottish support.
While the Scots prior to this divide were supportive of the parliamentary cause, the increasing violence and push towards independence most notable in the NMA, pushed them into the arms of the Royalists. whilst Scotland was the first to definitively rebel against Charles I due to the enforcement of the prayer book, it wasn't so much revolution and innovation that they were seeking, and therefore their decision to sway towards the Royalists could be said to be due a reluctance and dislike of change, an embodiment of the traditional, conservative ideal. Though not distinctly against either parliament or monarchy, the idea of a radicalised approach was both unappealing and unrewarding for the Scottish. Furthermore, when imprisoned by the Scots, Charles offered an agreement of accepting Presbyterianism in Scotland, for their assistance in violently restoring him to power; the engagement.
NMA and Presbyterians headed by; Oliver Cromwell, Thomas Fairfax and Thomas Horton.
Parliamentarians split due to differing goals and approaches; Presbyterians were essentially a milder form of the NMA, and desirous of less violent approach, and mostly because they hoped to get paid.
While the Scots prior to this divide were supportive of the parliamentary cause, the increasing violence and push towards independence most notable in the NMA, pushed them into the arms of the Royalists. whilst Scotland was the first to definitively rebel against Charles I due to the enforcement of the prayer book, it wasn't so much revolution and innovation that they were seeking, and therefore their decision to sway towards the Royalists could be said to be due a reluctance and dislike of change, an embodiment of the traditional, conservative ideal. Though not distinctly against either parliament or monarchy, the idea of a radicalised approach was both unappealing and unrewarding for the Scottish. Furthermore, when imprisoned by the Scots, Charles offered an agreement of accepting Presbyterianism in Scotland, for their assistance in violently restoring him to power; the engagement.
NMA and Presbyterians headed by; Oliver Cromwell, Thomas Fairfax and Thomas Horton.
Parliamentarians split due to differing goals and approaches; Presbyterians were essentially a milder form of the NMA, and desirous of less violent approach, and mostly because they hoped to get paid.
CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS
- The Engagement reasserts greviances of Parliamentarians
- Partial power vacuum left by 1st War leads to power struggle
- Attempts at disbanding the NMA e.g. Cutting off finances;
- Consolidates their greivance and cause
- NMA become most powerful force of the three factions
The Engagement further infuriated the parliamentarians, and despite significant disagreement in approach, it united the two factions in a growing distrust and hatred of Charles. However by this point the breach between the Army and Parliament had grown, relations and control having broken down. The constitutional crisis of who was in fact 'in charge' meant that the power vacuum created following the 1st Civil War was open to whichever of these three factions were able to hold enough power and influence to obtain it.
Furthermore, after the first civil war, the alternate opposing factions attempted to disband the Army once the initial need had become obsolete. This included sending the NMA on foreign affairs and cutting off their finance. Unsuccessful, this simply instilled a deeper degree unity and reassertion of the grievances against the King. The void between NMA and Presbyterians now reached a point of complete break down; the Army had become, in their provoked state, the most powerful and feared force in England, but the Presbyterians banded with the a Royalists and Scots, feeling strong enough to go against them.
Furthermore, after the first civil war, the alternate opposing factions attempted to disband the Army once the initial need had become obsolete. This included sending the NMA on foreign affairs and cutting off their finance. Unsuccessful, this simply instilled a deeper degree unity and reassertion of the grievances against the King. The void between NMA and Presbyterians now reached a point of complete break down; the Army had become, in their provoked state, the most powerful and feared force in England, but the Presbyterians banded with the a Royalists and Scots, feeling strong enough to go against them.
GROWING ANTI-PARLIAMENTARIAN FEELING
- Royalists and Presbytarians combine forces
- Anti-Cromwell feeling growing, and a want for the King
- Dec 48: Canterbury, riots against proposal of Christmas as working day
- "For God, King Charles, and Kent."
- Royalist revolts begin appearing all over the Kingdom, here begins the war
Yet with growing disdain from within the parliamentarians towards each opposing faction, a desire for the return of the King, and return to some degree of normality was becoming a notable force. The instability and threat of violence could be argued to be the cause of this movement, however bearing in mind that it was not with wide sweeping agreement and support that the King was eventually killed. Not only was there considerable opposition to this, the fact that there was opposition enough to warrant A second civil war could point towards the decision leading the country were not being made by, or supported, the majority. For example, on the 22nd Dec 1648, canterbury's town crier proclaimed the county's plan to turn Christmas Day into another working day as normal; the townsfolk rioted, demanding a church service, expressing "For God, King Charles, and Kent".
Whilst it is possible and relatively likely that Charles had disengaged and removed himself from the public, alongside the country gentry, this does not necessarily argue that these groups were in support of parliamentarian goals. Discussing the extent of voice the general public realistically had, where there were outcries for the King, they hold considerable weight.
Whilst it is possible and relatively likely that Charles had disengaged and removed himself from the public, alongside the country gentry, this does not necessarily argue that these groups were in support of parliamentarian goals. Discussing the extent of voice the general public realistically had, where there were outcries for the King, they hold considerable weight.
WALES: BATTLE OF ST. FAGANS
- February 1648
- John Poyer, Parliamentarian, refuses to hand over his men to NMA
- Officers and local men join in Royalist revolt, calling for the King
- All of South Wales revolted, Royalists around the Kingdom were arming
- How much support did Cromwell really have?
February 1648 saw the first definitive splitting of the parliamentarians into two opposing factions, wherein the Presbyterians were unable to reconcile principal grievances with the NMA's approach and goals, and the start of the 2nd Civil war. John Poyer, parliamentary governor of Pembroke Castle, was ordered to hand over his command to Army officers, leading to support from local men and officers, calling for the return of the King. Eventually all of South Wales revolted, and by April the scots were arming, and the English Royalists had seized strongholds.
The battle of St. Fagans certified the disdain towards the NMA, where the war had become in essence a royalist revolt, by use of the Scottish Army; at the end of the 1st civil war all who had fought were made to sign resigning their right to bear arms against parliament. Despite this, and the promise of severe punishment at the hands of the growingly ruthless NMA, many did join forces with the Scottish Army.
How much support did Oliver Cromwell really have? Is it possible to consider that he gained the upper hand out of violence,intimidation and the opposition pushing the right buttons at the right time? However, the Army had never lost a battle, unity of principal within the troops was comprising the key component to success.
The battle of St. Fagans certified the disdain towards the NMA, where the war had become in essence a royalist revolt, by use of the Scottish Army; at the end of the 1st civil war all who had fought were made to sign resigning their right to bear arms against parliament. Despite this, and the promise of severe punishment at the hands of the growingly ruthless NMA, many did join forces with the Scottish Army.
How much support did Oliver Cromwell really have? Is it possible to consider that he gained the upper hand out of violence,intimidation and the opposition pushing the right buttons at the right time? However, the Army had never lost a battle, unity of principal within the troops was comprising the key component to success.
KENT: BATTLE OF MAIDSTONE
- May 1648; Kent is in full rebellion
- The Navy, under Parliamentarian command, deflect to the Royalists
- Fairfax responds quickly and brutally, remaining royalists flee to Essex
- Royalists are also taking control of strongholds of the Downs
- However, their military tactics were inefficient and badly executed throughout
Kent: Battle of Maidstone and the Downs
By May 1648, Kent was in full rebellion; the Battle of Maidstone marks a distinctive progression in the anti NMA movement. The navy which had been under parliamentarian command deflected, assigning themselves under the command of the prince of Wales, and declaring themselves in support of the Royalist and the King. Fairfax however was quick to respond and stormed Maidstone with brutal and efficient success. Remaining royalists fled to Essex.
Throughout this period Royalists had been slowly taking control of the castles of the Downs, and had bought in the assistance of Flemish mercenaries, however when they realised they were unable to pay them, they swiftly departed. This lack of financial and military security incited fear in the local supporters of the Royalists cause.
Overall, most of their military forces were lacking and battles were poorly executed, for example an opportune moment to attack was lost, after successfully landing 800 men unnoticed, due to a Royalist deserter alerting the parliamentarian forces. After further failed attempts, the news came that Cromwell had been victorious at Preston; this ended the Kentish rebellion.
Forces were backing down out of poor management, and locals were resigning due to fear of the imminent failure of the Royalist military?
By May 1648, Kent was in full rebellion; the Battle of Maidstone marks a distinctive progression in the anti NMA movement. The navy which had been under parliamentarian command deflected, assigning themselves under the command of the prince of Wales, and declaring themselves in support of the Royalist and the King. Fairfax however was quick to respond and stormed Maidstone with brutal and efficient success. Remaining royalists fled to Essex.
Throughout this period Royalists had been slowly taking control of the castles of the Downs, and had bought in the assistance of Flemish mercenaries, however when they realised they were unable to pay them, they swiftly departed. This lack of financial and military security incited fear in the local supporters of the Royalists cause.
Overall, most of their military forces were lacking and battles were poorly executed, for example an opportune moment to attack was lost, after successfully landing 800 men unnoticed, due to a Royalist deserter alerting the parliamentarian forces. After further failed attempts, the news came that Cromwell had been victorious at Preston; this ended the Kentish rebellion.
Forces were backing down out of poor management, and locals were resigning due to fear of the imminent failure of the Royalist military?
BATTLE OF PRESTON
- 14th August 1648
- Cromwell; 8,600 men, Hamilton; 20,000 men
- Hamilton - similar approach in command to Charles on Battle of Edgehill
- After 11 days of failing to win what should have been a quick success;
- The Scots lay down their arms surrendering to the NMA
The 14th Aug 1648 Battle of Preston not only encapsulates the failures of the royalist military tactics, but the end of the war in terms of open battles. Cromwell had at his command the NMA and English militia, totalling approx. 8,600, however Hamilton had at his disposal 20,000 men, including the Scottish army. Despite this seeming advantage, Hamilton had scattered his forces for convenience, and was of a similar attitude to Charles in the battle of Edgehill; passively involved and poor in command. After 11 days of what should have been a quick victory for the royalists, the Scots lay down their arms.
THE KING IS BEHEADED
- Poyer executed, Hamilton, Holland and Capel beheaded
- 'Pride's Purge' removed any anti-Cromwell MP's from Parliament;
- Charles I is put on trial and found guilty of high treason
- "Tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy"
- He was beheaded on front of the Palace of Whitehall on 30th Jan 1649.
Following the Battle of Preston, Cromwell was a clear victor and held control over parliament, the country and moved quickly to dispose of any threats.
Poyer (Battle of St. Fagans, Wales) was executed, followed by the beheadings of The Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Holland, and Lord Capel.
The 'Pride's Purge', the removal of any opposition of opinion in the House of Commons, laid the foundations for the creation of a court set to put the King on trial. However there was much deliberation and hesitation in commencing with the purge.
Charles was found guilty of high treason, and declared a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy." He was beheaded on front of the Palace of Whitehall on 30th Jan 1649.
Poyer (Battle of St. Fagans, Wales) was executed, followed by the beheadings of The Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Holland, and Lord Capel.
The 'Pride's Purge', the removal of any opposition of opinion in the House of Commons, laid the foundations for the creation of a court set to put the King on trial. However there was much deliberation and hesitation in commencing with the purge.
Charles was found guilty of high treason, and declared a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy." He was beheaded on front of the Palace of Whitehall on 30th Jan 1649.
