Anti Microbial Drugs
Published on Nov 19, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Antimicrobial Drugs
BY: REAGAN VIRGIL
Antimicrobial drug: A drug used to treat a microbial infection. "Antimicrobial" is a general term that refers to a group of drugs that includes antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antivirals.
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How do antibiotics work ?
Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall.
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Broad Spectrum Antimicrobials
•Tetracyclines (Gm+/Gm-, anaerobes, rickettsia, chlamydia, protozoans, amoeba)
•Lincosamine/Lincosamides (Anaerobic Gm+/Gm-, Aerobic Gm+)
•Fluoroquinolones (Aerobic Gm+, Gm-)
•Aminoglycosides (Aerobic Gm+, Gm-; enterococci)
•Extended Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins; Amoxicillin+Clavulanate)
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Antibiotics can kill gram negative bacteria, but symptoms of fever and low blood pressure can persist. Why?
Antibiotics can kill gram-negative bacteria, but symptoms of fever and low blood pressure can persist. Why? The antibiotics kill the the bacteria, but they do not neutralize the endotoxic lipopolysaccharide.
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Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon. When an antibiotic is used, bacteria that can resist that antibiotic have a greater chance of survival than those that are "susceptible."
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Resistance Mechanisms
1.The inactivation or modification of the antibiotic;
2.An alteration in the target site of the antibiotic that reduces its binding capacity;
3.The modification of metabolic pathways to circumvent the antibiotic effect;
4.The reduced intracellular antibiotic accumulation by decreasing permeability and/or increasing active efflux of the antibiotic.
Penicillin
Dr. Fleming was never able to purify his samples of penicillin, but he became the first person to publish the news of its germ-killing power. Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming for their work. The challenge of mass-producing this drug was daunting. On March 14, 1942, the first patient was treated for streptococcal septicemia with US-made penicillin produced by Merck & Co.
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Penicillin Continuation
But it was not until 1928 that penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London.
It was know as the miracle drug because it fought off a great deal of bacterial infections.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells, which grow and divide quickly. But it can also harm healthy cells that divide quickly, such as those that line your mouth and intestines or cause your hair to grow. Damage to healthy cells may cause side effects. Often, side effects get better or go away after chemotherapy is over.
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