AP Psych Comprehensive Photo Album

Units 1&2

STRUCTURALISM

• Structuralism is an early school of psychology that focused a lot on introspection.
• In this picture, Sarah is taking a selfie, and looking back at herself.
• This is representative of a patient looking inside of themselves at his or her emotions

Functionalism

• Functionalism is another early school of psych
• This school focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function
• Especially how the help us to adapt, survive, and flourish
• The little orange people make sure that the plane is going to function properly
• These people are going to guide the plane so it can flourish in any situation

BASIC RESEARCH

• Basic research aims to increse knowledge base.
• Here, my dad is researching economics/numbers since he is a banker.
• By doing this, he is increasing the knowledge he has in his specific field.

Naturalistic Obstervation

• Naturalistic observation occurs when behavior is observed and recorded.
• The behavior is recorded without manipulating or controlling the situation
• When I go to Markman Daycare, the teachers and workers observe the children.
• They take down notes, but they usually watch them in their natural habitat.
• This is naturalistic observation

UNIT 3A

DENDRITE

• The dendrites receive messages and then conduct them to the cell body.
• Here, the earbuds are acting as the dendrites because they receive the music.
• Once they get the music, they send them to the "cell body", or ears.

Endorphins

• Endorphins are natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters.
• They are linked with pain and pleasure.
• When one exercises, such as these women are, endorphins are released.
• Exercise endorphins boost one's mood! 😄

Sympathetic Nervous System

• The SNS is a division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body.
• This arousal occurs during stress, and it mobilizes energy.
• When watching a horror film, one's body experiences a heightened sense of arousal.
• This is because our SNS is in full swing, enabling us to fight or flee, if need be

Parasympathetic Nervous System

• After watching a horror film, one may feel very stressed (me!)
• The PNS is another division of the autonomic nervous system, but it calms the body.
• To help kick start the PNS, one may use a brown bag or grocery bag to regulate breathing
• This will help to start the PNS, and calm the person down.

Unit 3B

Cerebellum

• The cerebellum processes sensory input and coordinates movement and balance.
• Alcohol impatcs one's balance, and directly impacts the cerebellum.

Amygdala

• The amygdala is part of the limbic system, and is linked to emotion.
• Pictured are many James Patterson books.
• These books are typically very scary and emotional.
• When reading one of these books, one's amygdala may be at work, creating many emotions

FRONTAL LOBE

• The frontal lobe is in charge of planning and making decisions, along with other functions.
• College is a very big decision that must be made.
• When making a college decision, one is utilizing his or her frontal lobe.
• I used mine to pick Providence!!!

OCCIPITAL LOBE

• The occipital lobe is the portion of the brain that receives info from the visual fields.
• When I wear my glasses or contacts, I am helping to send a clear message to my occipital lobe.
• If I didn't wear them, the visuals being sent would be extremely blurry!
• 😎

Unit 4

Bottom Up Processing

• Bottom up processing is analysis that starts with sensory receptors and works up to integratiom
• On this math "fun" sheet, the questions are the sensory receptors.
• The final puzzle is the integration of the info one received from the questions, or sensory receptors.

PSYCHOPHYSICS

• Psychophysics is the study of relationships between physical characteristics and our experience
• Pictured here are my physics notes on waves and vibrations.
• We are learning the different levels and intensities of these things.
• What may seem as a large wave or vibration, may be very small when looking at the physicality.

Absolute Threshold

• The absolute threshold is the minimium stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
• When I was listening to the Frozen soundtrack, I found the point where I could just detect the sound
• This was my absolute threshold

TRANSDUCTION

• Transduction is the conversion of one energy to another.
• The solar panels on the top of the building are taking the sunlight, and converting it into usable energy

UNIT 4

RODS

• The rods are the retinal receptors tht detect black, white, and gray.
• The rods, located on the outside of the eye, helped me to read this newspaper.

CONES

• The cones are centrally located in the center of the eye.
• They help you to see color and fine details.
• Traffic cones are bright orange, and one's cones help to see them.
• Also, just like the cones in one's eye, traffic cones are centrally located in construction zones.

KINESTHESIS

• Kinesthesis is a system for sensing position and movement of body parts.
• Here, Maggie is playing basketball.
• Although she is not aware of it, kinesthesis is allowing her to know the position of her arms as she shoot the ball.

PHI PHENOMENON

• Phi phenomenon is an illusion of movement.
• It is created when 2+ lights blink on and off.
• Here, the open sign has 2 sets of blue lights.
• When the lights alternate flashing, it looks like the border is moving.

Unit 5

Circadian Rhythms

• Circadian rhythms are one's biological clock.
• They regulate body temperature and wakefulness that occur throughout 24 hours
• When Maggie fell asleep on the beach, the shade from her sunglasses messed with her circadian rhythms
• Her body though it was darker than it actually was, helping her to fall asl;eep during broad daylight

Sleep Apnea

• Sleep apnea is a sleeping disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing.
• A person impacted by sleep apnea also repeatedly wakes up
• This picture shows my uncle who actually has sleep apnea.
• He is hooked up to a machine every night, and it helps to regulate his breathing.

Latent Dream Content

• Latent dream content is the underlying meaning of a dream.
• Pictured is a man staring out at the beautiful view.
• He aknows what is actually pictured. (boats, people, paddle boarders)
• But this man always looks for the underlying meaning.
• Here, he is trying to find the significance of his surroundings.

LSD

• LSD is a hallucinogenic drug (acid).
• In this picture, I caught my sister and my cousin very excited to be at the beach.
• Although they are not on LSD, they are in a semi state of euphoria.
• LSD creates a sensation of euphoria (feeling of intese excitement or self confidence)
• My cousin and sister are SUPER excited to be in Florida and at the beach!!!

unit 6

Acquisition

• Acquisition is the initial stage when one links a neural stimulus with an unconditioned one
• The conditioned response is then triggered
• This picture is me from freshman year.
• I chose this to represent aquisition because I just began to relate the uniform to Feehan
• When wearing the uniform, a certain behavior is expected; I was beginning to learn this

EXTINCTION

• Extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response.
• Pictured is a Feehan student donating his or her sweater.
• The conditioned response is being a Feehan student.
• As senior year comes to a close, being a Feehan student is becoming extinct
• PS this is just an example. I will always be a Feehan student!!!!

DISCRIMINATION

• Discrimination is the learned ability to tell the difference between two stimuli.
• When I was in DIck's Sporting Goods, I saw a soccer ,ball with the basketballs
• Although they are the same shape and size, I was able to distinguish between the two.
• This is due to discrimination, and my ability to tell the difference between 2 stimuli.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

• Positive reinforcement aims to increase behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli.
• In this picture, when the dog fetches the ball and brings it back, the man throws it again.
• The dog is rewarded for his behavior when the owner throws the ball again

Unit 6

FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE

• A fixed ratio schedule reinforces only after a specified # of responses
• In the game Temple Run, one is rewarded with new players when they collect 1000 coins

VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE

• Variable ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after an unpredictable # of responses
• Pictured is a door to represent a door-to-door salesman or saleswoman
• It is uncertain how many houses he or she will have to visit before they make a sale
• Although, the more houses they visit, the more likey they are to succeed!

FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE

• A fixed interval schedule reinforces after a specific time has elapsed.
• When I babysit, I get a weekly pay check.

VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE

• A variable interval schedule reinforces a response unpredictabley.
• I took a screenshot of my email because each time I check it I may not receive an email.
• I am reinforced with an email unpredictabley.

Unit 7A

RECALL

• Recall is the retrieval of previously learned information
• In Spanish class, we do group scripts/videos.
• At the end of the project, each member must recall the effort of the others.
• Pictured is a screenshot of my latest rubric.
• YAY! Everyone contributed!!!!!

RECOGNITION

• Recognition measures a person's memory by identifying information
• I took the "Who Is Your Celebrity Bridesmaid?" quiz on BuzzFeed
• I had to recognize which dress was my favorite.
• Since it was multiple choice, the quiz was recognition
• PS it was Jennifer Lawrence

CHUNKING

• Chunking is organizing items into familiar units.
• It is often done automatially
• The phone number pictured below has been chunked, so a possible customer can easily remember the #

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

• Serial position effect states that we recall the last and first items in a list the best
• Pictured is the Feehan Alma Mater
• When it is sung, everyone knows the first line and the last line.
• The first line: "Raise aloft green banners to the sky"
• And the last line: "Feehan, Feehan..." are the most well known

Unit 7b

FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS

• Functional fixedness is the tendency to think of things in terms of their usualy function
• Here, my dad has overcome functional fixedness
• He is using a coffee mug to hold pens!

PHONEME

• A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit
• Pictured is a slice of a clementine, or the smallest unit of the fruit

MORPHEME

• A morpheme is the smallest unit that carries meaning.
• It can be a word or part of a word.
• The whole clementine represents a word that can be understood.

Confirmation Bias

• Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for info that supports our preconception
• We also tend to distort contradicting evidence.
• I believe thet Naples, Florida has the best weather.
• Whenever I come down and it is sunny, my beliefs are reinforced
• If it starts to rain, I usually blame it on an ocean storm, something FL can't control

UNIT 8A

SET POINT

• The set point is the point where someone's weight is supposedly set.
• Pictured is a scale. The set point for the scale is 0 lbs
• When someone steps on the scale, the weight increases.
• If someone were to lose weight and fall under his or her set point,
• Hunger would increase and metabolic rate would decrease

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

• Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting state of energy expenditure
• 'Here, my dad is simply sitting and checking his email.
• He is not doing any work, b ut he is expending energy simply becasue of his basal metabolic rate

FLOW

• Flow is a focused state of consciousness.
• One's sense of self and time diminshes.
• Here, I caught my dad playing chess for 2 hours
• He was in a state of flow, and he totally lost track of time!

HOMEOSTASIS

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a balanced internal state.
• A level helps to maintain the balance of a picture.
• The level is representing homeostasis.
• Homeostasis regulates the body, and the level balances the picture

unit 8b

FACIAL FEEDBACK

• Facial feedback is the effect of facial expressions on emotions.
• In this picture, Maggie was actually very upset.
• I asked her to smile for a picture, and I think it helped her to more quickly get out of a funk.

Cannon-Bard TOE

• The Cannon-Bard TOE states that arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger
• a) physiological responses and b) subjective experience of emotion
• In this selfie, Maggie and I were giggling, but Sarah was sleeping.
• We were taking the picture because we were excited for Florida!
• Once Sarah giggled with us, she felt that she was excited at the same time

TYPE A

• Type A is someone who is competitive, hard-working, and usually uptight.
• My dad is definitely type A.
• This desk represents the drive and strict schedule a type A would usually follow

TYPE B

• Type B is an easygoing, relaxed person.
• My mom is clearly type B, in this picture.
• She is very relaxed, and even fell asleep!
• I hope she doesn't get a burn!!!! 😡

unit 9

TERATOGENS

• Teratogens are agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during development.
• If they do, they can cause harm
• Alcohol is a teratogen.
• If a woman drinks during her pregnancy, it can be very harmful to the baby

schema

• A schema is a concept or framework that organizes info
• For the longest time, I had the schema that TV could only be watched on a television.

ACCOMMODATION

• Accommodation is adapting to new schemas
• Once Feehan got iPads, I underwent a process of accommodation,
• I could now watch TV on my iPad!

CONSERVATION

• The principle that properties stay the same despite changes in the objects form
• Pictured are 2 different size glasses.
• The one on the right is tall and skinny. The one on the left is short and stout.
• Although they look like different amounts, the 2 cups contain the same amount of water

unit 10

ID

• The id strives to fulfill all of our wants, including sex and aggression
• In this picture, my id is telling ,me to eat the more unhealthy snacks.
• I am operating on the pleasure principle.
• By doing this, I am getting immediate gratification

SUPEREGO

• The superego represents ideals, standards, and aspirations.
• Although I want to eat the goldfish, my superego is reminding me of the fruit.
• A superego always wants one to do the correct and best thing all the time.
• PS the ego would recommend a granola bar! (something right in between)

external locus of control

• External locus of control is the perception that chace/outside forces determine fate.
• When I was deferred from Fordham, I could have said that I am unlucky.
• I also could have said that the admissions officers didn't know what they were doing.
• That's using an external locus of control
• Instead I used an internal locus, and I said, "Maybe I could have worked a little more."

SPOTLIGHT EFFECT

• The spotlight effect is overestimating others' noticing our appearance.
• It can also include our performance and blunders.
• Over the summer, I dared Maggie to go into Walmart with a wig on.
• She was very selfconscious and felt as though was looking at her
• She was experiencing the spotlight effect

UNIT 11

General Intelligence (G)

• G intelligence, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities
• Therefore, intelligence can be measured by every task on a test.
• Here, Sarah is reading comprehensively
• According to g intelligence, she also performs well in math and psych!!!

SAVANt syndrome

• A condition where a person limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill.
• When I first saw this term, I was reminded of my neighbor growing up.
• Although he lacked social skills, my neighbor knew EVERYTHING about dinos
• I believe that he was a savant because of his incredible knowledge.

GARDNER

• Garder had a theory of multiple intelligences
• Just like having multiple intelligences, one can have multiple writing utensils.
• There isn't a universal pen or pencil (which would be g)

WAIS

• The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test.
• It contains verbal and performance skills.
• The WAIS puts patients through different tests
• These picture puzzles have a # key in relation to a color.
• This can be a representation of a performance skill tested with the WAIS

UNIT 11

Predictive Validity

• The success at which a test predicts the behavior it is supposed to.
• Our psych book has predictive validity.
• If a student reads the book thoroughly for tests and the AP exam, he or she should do well

Content Validity

• Content validity is the extent to which a test samples the behavior of interest
• Simply states, it must contain a range of questions/topics studied.
• This TV contains all of the channels available on Xfinity.
• Instead of only highlighting the kid shows, it lists everything

Split-half reliability

• On Easter Sunday, my family and I went to mass at the cathedral in Boston.
• When we entered the mass, we realized the service was in Spanish!
• Split-half reliability allowed me to know that the Eucharist was the same.
• The Eucharist at a Spanish mass is just as much the Eucharist at an English one.

Test-retest reliability

• I received the same score in reading the first 2 times I took the SATs
• This proves that the SATs are reliable because my scores were consistent.
• On both accounts, I received the same score.