Argument

• Claim or proposition
• Evidence
• Warrant

Example

• Seat belts should be mandatory.(claim)
• People who don't wear seat belts are at a 50% higher chance of dying in a car crash. (evidence)
• Seat belts could save lives. (warrant)

Types of Claims

• Claim of fact
• Claim of value
• Claim of policy

Claim of Fact

• whether something is true or not
• "Global warming is causing hotter and dryer weather conditions"

Claim of Value

• Making a judgement
• "Is any painting worth $100 million.

Claim of Policy

• Recommending a course of action
• "We should pass laws restricting genetically modified foods"

Types of Evidence

• Audience knowledge
• Speaker knowledge
• External Evidence

Test for Evidence

• Relevant
• Timely
• Credible

Types of Warrants

• Motivational Warrant
• Authoritative Warrant
• Substantive Warrant

Motivational Warrant

• Looks at needs, desires, emotions

Authoritative Warrant

• Credibility of the source of the evidence
• "We should contribute to an agency that feeds hungry children"

Substantive Warrants

• Appeals to the audience's faith in the evidence in order to justify the argument

Substantive Warrants

• Warrants by cause
• Warrants by sign
• Warrants by analogy

Inoculation Effect

• Refute
• Mention
• Ignoring could weaken claim

Fallacies

• Begging the question
• Band wagon
• Either/Or
• Ad hominem
• Red herring

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Substantive Warrants

• Warrants by cause
• Warrants by sign
• Warrants by analogy

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