CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (BNN30104)

Artificial Skin

GROUP MEMBERS

1. NUR HAMIZAH BINTI ARIFIN (AN130063)

2. NUR SYIFAA’ SABEERAH BT NORAZHAR

(AN130210)

3. NOR FATIN NABIHAH BT ABDULLAH (AN130013)

4. NORATIKAH LIANA BT AWANG DESA (AN130155)

5. NUR ALYA AISYHA BT OSMAN ALI (AN130152)

6. NURUL AZILAH BT ABDUL RAZAK (AN130075)

OVERVIEW

1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Process
4. Advantages & Disadvantages
5. Applications
6. Technology
7. Conclusion
8. Recommendations
9. References

INTRODUCTION

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• The skin is complex and body’s largest organ.
• The function of the skin is to protect internal organ against infection, injury and harmful sun rays.
• Before the artificial skin is invented, skin grafts is constructed from the patient's own skin (auto grafts) or cadaver skin (allo grafts).

. 1970, John F. Burke and Yannas had invented an artificial skin.
. Collagen fibers and a long sugar molecule are used to form a porous material resembling skin.

Pictures archived from:
http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Apg-Ban/Artificial-Skin.html

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• When it is placed on the wounds of animals, it seemed to encourage the growth of new skin cells around it.
• Then, Burke had created a skin from polymer of shark cartilage & collagen of cowhide.
• Besides, artificial skin can be made from spider silk. This method had being found by Hanna Wendt

OBJECTIVES

. Replacement of problematic skin (reparative role) such as severe burns, skin diseases, chronic ulcers, plastic surgery, deep scars and some cancer


. Regenerative functions that are aesthetically pleasing and helps in healing processes

PROCESS

Synthetic Graft



Principal stages of the development of the graft to be used in skin implants

Archived from: http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2014/12/27/artificial-skin/

Archived from: http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2014/12/27/artificial-skin/

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• Chances of survival for burn patients

• Seals the wound that could prevent fluid loss and bacteria from entering it

• The fear of stigmatization of the patient is eliminated.

• It may protect the skin from infection

• Keep the skin in moisture to prevent dehydration

• Encourage healing process through construction of new tissue by infiltration of epidermal cells and fibroblasts

• Allow for less severe searing

• Risks of Infection and Rejection by the patients


• Lack of vascularization to the implanted skin or skin cells may lead to cell death which provides a breeding ground for bacteria

• Loss of sensitivity when compared to non-artificial skin

• Cut / failure of blood supply

• Complication could happen due to Skin Adhesion and/or fluid buildup between the wound and transplanted skin.

• Too expensive

APPLICATIONS

1) Alternatives to Animal Testing

• Animal Testing - method to carry out various tests on animals to ensure the safety of the product for usage.
• In cosmetic testing animals experience discomfort, suffering and ultimately die.

Test for animal testing are :

• Skin corrosion
• Skin irritation
• Skin absorption
• Photo-toxicity
• Pyrogenecity

Archived from :http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin

Archived from : http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin

Archived from: http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin

1) Alternatives to Animal Testing

• Non animal testing is the method which make use of various different alternatives rather than experimenting on animals.
• Helps in avoiding harm to animals.
• It is more reliable and accurate.
• It is cost effective.
• Painful and deadly tests on animals can be avoided.

Human Tissue Culture

Archived from: http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin

Archived from: http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin

2) Treatment of Burns &Wound Healing

• treatment of people suffering severe burns.
• healing of wounds produced on skin by various diseased conditions.
• chronic skin ulcers: - skin ulcers developed as a result of diabetes

How It Works ??

2) Treatment of Burns &Wound Healing

• Cultured skin is secured over wound.
• The skin remains in place for several weeks and allows new tissue to grow into bottom matrix layer.
• Top layer provides protection from infection and dehydration.

Archived from: http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin

3) Providing model environment for research

• Produced various skin related research.
• Diseased skin condition can be induced under in vitro conditions in such living skin.
• They can be studied closely into developing probable cure.

Skin cancer-Melanoma

• skin cultured are very convenient for modeling the growth and progression of melanoma cells.
• skin cultured are very convenient for modeling the growth and progression of melanoma cells.
• skin models have also serve for genetic and functional analyses of early stages of melanocytes development.

TECHNOLOGY

Artificial Smart Skin

Person involved




The Professor Kim Dae-Hyeong at the School of Chemical and Biological Engineering of Seoul National University South Korean,
&
U.S. researchers

The skin provides many features:

• can feel touch
• pressure
• temperature
• strain
• humidity
• soft just like human skin
• can make itself warm

Made up of a few layers :

• the bottom layer of skin is a rubbery material that can express the softness of human skin
• the bottom layer of skin is a rubbery material that can express the softness of human skin

The smart skin can also fix to prosthetic hand

• Allowing the prosthetic hand to shake hands, use a keyboard, hold a ball and can sense humidity.
• However, in terms of communicating that touch to the brain, the scientists have managed to prove it in small animals so far.

This smart skin could help individuals :



- who have lost limbs.

-people that has disabilities.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The features to achieve the ideal artificial skin :

• Able to resist infection
• Able to prevent water loss
• Able to withstand the shear forces
• Cost effective
• Widely available
• Long shelf life and easy to store

The features to achieve the ideal artificial skin :

• Lack of antigenicity
• Flexible in thickness
• Durable with long-term wound stability
• Can be conformed to irregular wound surfaces
• Easy to be secured and applied
• More research about skin.(cell culture)

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Artificial skin is developed on cell culture basis. There are some applications that are used especially in burn wounds therapy. In the United States, approximately 2.4 million burn injuries are reported per year. So one can see that this topic should stay in huge sight.

REFERENCES

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• http://www.slideshare.net/roydeassasino/arificial-skin
• http://gerstner.felk.cvut.cz/biolab/bionika2004/cepek/ArtificialSkin.html
• http://www.technologyreview.com/photoessay/524676/an-artificial-hand-with-r...

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• http://www.technologyreview.com/news/533106/artificial-skin-that-senses-and...
• http://www.useoul.edu/research/highlights?bbsidx=121311
• http://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/655_655.pdf

. Phelan, M.C. (1996) Techniques for mammalian cell tissue culture. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Appendix 3, Appendix 3B.

. Freshney, R.I. (2005) Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic technique. 5th Edition, Wiley, New York. doi:10.1002/9780471747598

. Freshney, R.I. (1994) Culture of animal cells. In: Freshney, R.I., Ed., A Manual of Basic Technique, Wiley-Liss, New York, 387-389

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