The Cell

Levels of organization

• In Earth, all matter has a level of organization in which the previous level makes up the next.
• In order they are: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population,
• community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
• Cells are what makes up all life-forms and what this presentation will cover.

Organelles

• Organelles are parts within a cell which are like organs in a human.
• They serve roles guarding the cell, providing energy, and storing liquids.
• Each organelle is bound in a membrane.

The different types

• There are two main types of cells: animal and plant cells.
• Each have some unique organelles and different functions.

Nucleus

• The nucleus is an organelle in the center of the cell.
• It contains the information about making copies of the cell.
• This information is called DNA.
• It also gives orders to the other parts of the cell.
• Think of it as the government or brain of the cell.

Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are tiny, ball-like structures that are scattered all over the cell.
• They use what are called amino acids to make proteins.
• Proteins are used for building other organelles within the cell.
• Think of ribosomes are lumberjacks or farmers.

Cell membrane

• The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out.
• It is included in all types of cells and it also is what gives the cell its shape.
• Think of it as the border of the cell.

Nucleolus and nuclear membrane

• Inside of the nucleus is the nucleolus, which is what is responsible for making more cells.
• The nucleolus also makes ribosomes and contains RNA.
• The nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus, and does the job of the cell membrane.

Mitochondrion

• Provides energy for the cell.
• Contains its own DNA.
• Think of this as the powerhouse of the cell.

Vacuole

• This organelle stores liquids inside the cell.
• Think of this as the water tower of the cell.
• Plant cells have one large vacuole.
• Animal cells have many scattered vacuoles.

Cytoplasm

• This is the jelly-like stuff that fills most of the inside of the cell.
• It lets the organelles "float" around the cell instead of being pulled by gravity.
• Think of this as the mainland of the cell.

GOLGI APPARATUS

• The Golgi Apparatus takes proteins made from ribosomes and turns them into useful products.
• Also called the Golgi Body.
• Think of these as the factories of the cell.

Lysosomes

• Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that help digest food and old cell parts.
• Nicknamed "suicide cells" because they destroy themselves to release the enzymes.
• Think of these as the recyclers or. the stomachs of the cell.
• They are found more in animal cells.

Vesicles

• A vesicle is any part of the cell that is a bubble.
• Lysosomes and vacuoles are vesicles.
• Golgi Apparatus contains vesicles.
• Think of these as the containers of the cell.

Chloroplasts

• Chloroplasts take light energy and make it into food for the cell in a process called photosynthesis.
• Only found in plant cells.
• Think of these as the solar panels of the plant cell.
• Colors plants green like a dye.
• It is a plastid, which means that it has a double membrane.

Cell wall

• The cell wall is an organelle that is wrapped around the cell membrane.
• It is only found in the plant cell.
• Think of it as the barrier of the plant cell.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that serves a variety of purposes in the cell.
• They come in two forms: rough and smooth.
• Abbreviated as ER.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)

• The RER is covered in ribosomes and helps package proteins.
• The ribosomes make the proteins, and the RER puts them in vesicles and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus.
• Think of this as the packaging company.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

• The SER is an organelle that serves as a storage system.
• It stores steroids and ions, which are substances that have many uses in the cell.
• Think of this as the storage system of the cell.

Organisms

• A complete living thing made of cells is called an organism.
• There are two types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• Each have their own characteristics.

Eukaryotes

• Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• They can be plants, animals, and protists (fungi, algae, and mold).
• They are most often multicellular (made of more than 1 cell), but in the case of protists, they can be unicellular.

PROKARYOTES

• Better known as bacteria, these organisms have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• DNA is stored in a loop around the cytoplasm.
• They have ribosomes, a cell wall, a cell membrane, and a capsule, which is a coating of slime.
• They also have other unique cell parts.
• They are usually unicellular, but the can form in chains too.

Flagella

• This is a part only found in prokaryotic cells that moves the cell around.
• It is like a tail.

Cilia

• This is a part found in both bacteria and animal cells.
• They are hairs that cover the cell and also help move it around.

Advantages of each cell

• Prokaryotes are simple, so that they. can reproduce much faster
• Each prokaryote's offspring will be the exact same as the original.
• Eukaryotes are more complex, but they can specialize to serve different purposes.
• They can also form multicellular organisms.

Credits

• Presentation, quiz, some facts, and virtually all ideas by: Cameron Ruland
• Images by Chrome
• 3D model (if it's been completed by now) materials supplied by Juan Vargas and Mark Uribe.
• Other definitions are derived from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Biology4kids
• Presentation completed on 10-1-13

THE "END"

• A wise man once said to me
• "Give a man a spark and he'll be warm for a minute. Set a man on fire and he'll be warm for the rest of his life."
• -Anonymous
• I say: "Yes indeed. Any man whose cause has set his soul on fire will fight for that until he dies."
• -Chaucer (modern day) What do you say?