Ch 2-3

Motivations for Exploration

• Spirit of adventure
• Spreading Christianity
• Spices
• Cut out the middle man (muslim/ italians)
• Scientific Revolution (leads to success of explorers)
• Supply and demand increase

What were spices used for?

• Perfumes
• Culinary purposes
• Medicimal purposes
• Economic profit
• Torture

Technology used during Exploration

• Astrolobes- show where you are using stars)
• Caravel- triangle and square sails
• Compass- used for location/ direction
• Guns, armor, horses- protection

Slave Trade

• Slave trade grew into a very profitable business, and filled the needs for cheap labor

Slave Rebellion

• Affonso 1- Ruler of Kongo who took a stand against slave trade
• Supporters of slave trade were simply to powerful

Effects on African States

• Some small african states disappeared forever, while new states arose
• The people that inhabited these new african states lived a life dependent on slave trade

Albuquerque and South East Asia

• The Portuguese landed in "The Strait of Malaca," and killed natives in the land. They overtook this major trading region. These actions lead to the hatred of European/ light skinned people, and a decline in the population

Europeans and China

• Ming - the Ming allowed the Portuguese a trading booth at Macao after the they agreed to give Chinese gold and silver in exchange for silks and porcelains
• Jesuits - Missionaries such as Mateo Ricci taught enlightened the Chinease on the Renaissance, and other subjects, but they did not have much success spreading religion throughout the country

Manchu Conquest

• The Manchus ruled Manchuria, and the army seized Beijing and named it their capitol
• Qing - a Manchu dynasty that adopted the Confucian system, and placed the Manchu and Chinese in each top government position

China, Korea, Japan

• China started to trade, but realized their good were superior and Britain was being disrespectful. Korea goes into extreme isolation, and Japan traded until they got what they wanted and then went into extreme isolation, and expelled missionaries.

Early Conquests in America

• Taino's - first people Columbus encountered in America. They lived in villages and grew yams, corn, and cotton
• Spanish & Taino's - the spanish assaulted the Taino's for their land and killed any men or women who dared to resist

Advantages of the Spanish

• Even though the Spanish were completely outnumbered by the native Americans, their guns, cannons, armor, horses, and disease gave them and advantage over the Native Americans, and made them fear the Americans

Effects of Spanish Conquistadors on Europe

• Europeans had conquered millions of Native Americans
• Established silver mines in Peru and Mexico to help fund their new empire
• Spain became Europes greatest power

Effects of Spanish Conquistadors on Native's

• Tens of thousands indians died
• Major disasters
• Doubt in their gods
• Many converted to Christianity, hoping it would put an end to their suffering

Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in America

• Spain maintained a strict control on its empire by setting up the "Council of Indies," who passed laws for the colonies, and appointed viceroys, which were representatives of the king and ruled in his name

The Spanish

• The spanish believed that spreading Christianity was just as important as gaining land

The Encomienda

• Spanish monarchs also granted the conquistadors "encomiendas," who were Native American's required to work under brutal conditions as tribute. Bartlolme de Las Cases condemned the encomienda system, which lead to the "New Laws of the Indies." These laws forbade the enslavement and abuse of Native Americans, but could not enforce them.

New France

• France - King Louis XIV set out to strengthen royal port and increase revenues by increasing taxes from his overseas empire. He also prohibited Protestants to live in New France. The population was growing, but was still small in comparison to the English colonies.

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English Colonies

• England built their first permanent colony in Jamestown, Virginia. Many died, although some survived with the help of Natives. They started to grow and export tobacco.
• English Protestants settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and followed the Mayflower Compact. Natives helped them grow corn, and survive in the new land

French and Indian War

• This war was started by the two rival countries, Britain, and France. France won several victories, but the British won by overtaking Quebec, the capital of New France. The war lasted 7 years and officially ended with the Treaty of Paris granting Britain with power over North America

Triangular Trade

• Europe exported manufactured goods to Africa, and received raw materials from America
• Africa exported slaves to America and imported manufactured goods from Europe
• America exported raw materials to Europe and imported slaves from Africa

The Middle Passage

• Slaves were marched to coastal ports bound with ropes, chains, and thick iron bands around their necks. This journey was as long as 1,000 miles, and many captives died along the way

Columbian Exchange

• The "Columbian Exchange" was the exchanging of goods from the Old World and New World. It also united the different cultures of the two worlds.
• Some of the most influential products traded were potatoes, tomatoes, the coffee bean, and diseases

Commercial Revolution

• Inflation - rise of prices due to rise in currency (causes: population rises, goods decrease, more gold and silver)
• Capitalism - investment of money for a profit
• Mercantalism - wealth measured by amount of gold and silver in treasury/ more exports than imports

Effects of Commercial Revolution

• Merchants - require wealth
• Nobles - became increasingly less and less powerful/ wealthy
• Peasants - life stays the same
• Colonies provided for mother country

Explorer's for Spain

• Columbus - his goal was to reach the East Indies by sailing around the world (proving his theory that the world was round), after several months he reached what he believed was the Indies
• Balboa - discovered a passage westward through the forest of Panama
• Magellon - discover "Strait of Megallon," and reached Balboa's South Sea which he renamed the Pacific Ocean

Portugal Explorer's

• Dias - opened the way for a sea route to Asia, and rounded the "Cape of Good Hope"
• De Gama - lead 4 ships around the "Cape of Good Hope," and created a vast trading empire around the Indian Ocean

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England, France, & the Netherlands Explorer's

• These explorer's discovered North America on their expedition to find the Northwest Passage