CHAPTER 11

ORIGIN

INDUSTRIES EFFECTED

IRON AND COAL

TRANS. AND TEXTILES

• Critical for diffusing the Industrial Revolution
• Canals and railroads helped bring in bulky products
• Textiles went from cottage industry to factories
• Awkright invented a machine that untangled cotton

CHEMICALS AND FOOD PROCESSING

• Industry to bleach and dye cloth
• Roebuck and Garbett bleached cloth with sulfuric acid
• Sulfuric acid was used in a many different dying combinations
• Food was needed to feed factory workers
• Appert started canning foods

EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL AREAS

EUROPEAN REGIONS

OTHER EU REGIONS

NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL AREAS

NA AREAS

• New England - oldest industrial area in the northeastern US
• Middle Atlantic - the largest US market
• Mohawk Valley - known for steel and food processing
• Pittsburgh-Lake Erie - leading steel producing area in 19th century
• Western Great Lakes - hub of the nations transportation network

EAST ASIA INDUSTRIAL AREAS

JAPAN

CHINA

• Largest supply of low-cost labor

PROXIMITY TO INPUTS

• Every industry uses some type of input
• Manufacturers buy companies who sell in parts

COPPER

• A bulk reducing industry
• Its important to consider the source of energy
• Processors try to locate near electric sources

STEEL

• For remaining steel mills, proximity to market is key
• Scrap metal is more important than iron ore
• Most steel mills were closed by the mid 20th century

Bulk gaining industry

Something that gains weight during production

Ex: fabricated metals and beverage production

SINGLE MARKET MANUFACTURERS

PERISHABLE PRODUCTS

SHIP,RAIL, TRUCK, OR AIR?

Trucks - mostly used for short distance delivery
Trains - often used to transport that take +1 days
Ships - good for long distances because of price
Air - most expensive, used for small but expensive product

BREAK-OF-BULK POINT

LABOR

LABOR INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES

• Wages paid to employees make up a high % of expenses
• Labor makes up an avg 11% of overall man. costs in US
• Not the same as a high wage industry

TEXTILES - LABOR INTENSIVE

TEXTILE/APPAREL SPINNING

• Main natural fiber is cotton
• China produces 2/3 of the worlds cotton thread
• Polyester is now the main synthetic

TEXTILE/APPAREL WEAVING

• Became hard work -> more men worked

TEXTILE/APPAREL ASSEMBLY

LAND

RURAL SITES

• Contemporary factories work best in one story buildings
• Factories also sometimes locate near highway junctions
• Outside of the city also facilitates delivery and shipping

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

• Electricity (20th century)
• Different factories have different ammenities

In MDCs, industries are shifting away from traditional industrial areas of northwestern Europe and NE USA

INTERREGIONAL SHIFTS (US)

• NE US lost 6 million manuf. jobs from 1950-2009
• 2 million jobs were added to the south and west at this time
• South lacked infrastructure needed for ind. development
• Right-to-work laws - factory has to maintain an "open shop"
• Union/company cant make a contract thats makes them join a union

INTERREGIONAL SHIFTS

EAST ASIA

• One of the worlds 3 major industrial regions
• Includes South Korea
• S.K. is the leading producer of large container ships
• They are also the leading producer of steel and fab. metals

SOUTH ASIA

• Led by India
• India is one of the fastest growing economies
• Textiles are the dominant sector
• Motor vehicles are growing quickly
• India and US are projected to have the same GDP by 2050

LATIN AMERICA

• Nearest low-wage region to the US
• Mexico City is the industrial center
• Industries are clustered in São Paulo and Rio
• Maquiladora

OUTSOURCING

• New international division of labor
• Transfer of jobs from MDCs to LDCs
• Outsourcing - coorps turning over production to independent suppliers
• Its had a major impact on the distribution of manufacturing

PROXIMITY TO SKILLED LABOR

• Henry Fords theory
• Computer manufacturing is an example of this
• Fordist - mass production because of the car company

POST-FORDIST

JUST-IN-TIME DELIVERY

• Important for raw materials to fabricated products
• Reduces wasted money on inventory