Chapter 4

Emotion is the feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction important to him, especially to his well-being
.

Positive-include joy and love
Negative-include anxiety and anger

Primary Emotions: present in humans and animals

– e.g. surprise

Self-Conscious Emotions: require self-awareness --involves consciousness & a sense of “me” – e.g., jealousy

Crying - the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world

Three types of cries:

Basic cry

Anger cry

Pain cry

Two types of smiling:

Reflexive smile

Social smile

Fear is one of a baby’s earliest emotions

Stranger Anxiety: infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers

*Appears at 6 mo.

Separation Protest: crying when the caregiver leaves

--Due to anxiety about being separated from their caregivers
--Typically peaks at about 15 months for U.S. infants
--Cultural variations

Social Referencing: “reading” emotional cues in others to determine how to act in a particular situation

Temperament:
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

Chess and Thomas’s Classification:
Easy child
Difficult child
Slow-to-warm-up child
Unclassified

Goodness of Fit and Parenting

The match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Erikson believed the 1st year is characterized by trust vs. mistrust
*Not completely resolved in the first year of life
*Arises again at each stage of development

Infants start recognizing themselves in the mirror at about 18 months.

Attachment: a close emotional bond between two people

4 phases of attachment:
Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant
Insecure disorganized

Reciprocal socialization: two-way interaction process whereby parents socialize children and children socialize parents

In scaffolding, parents time interactions so a baby experiences "turn taking". (e.g. peek a boo)

Five types of parental leave from employment:

Maternity

Paternity

Parental leave

Child-rearing leave

Family leave

The US has the highest restrictions on paid leave time, making it a national concern.

Factors influencing child care:

• group size
• child-adult ratio
• physical environment
• caregiver characteristics (education, etc)
• caregiver behavior (responsive, etc)
• *only 12% of kids had positive caregiver attention