OPIUM TRADE

• corrupted Chinese society
• 4500 chests imported in 19th century
• 40,000 imported annually by 1839
• Chinese authorities didn't enforce law
• by 1839 tried to prevent British from continuing trade

OPIUM WAR

UNEQUAL TREATIES

• Treaty of Nanjing ended the war
• lost Hong Kong
• extraterritoriality to Britain
• opened ports to Britain
• later treaties with foreign nations and merchants

TAIPING REBELLION 1850-1864

• Nian, Muslim, and Tungan rebellions
• Hong Xiuquan led it
• took Nanjing in 1853
• defeated by Qing govt with Chinese soldiers

SELF-STRENGHENING MOVEMENT

• "Chinese Learning at the base, Western learning for use"
• built shipyards, railroads, new weapon industries
• laid a foundation for industrialization
• change in Economy only scratched the surface

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

• Japan = Korea and Taiwan (Sino-Japanese War)
• Britain = Burma
• France = Vietnam
• rights for railway and mineral development

Hundred days reform

• Kang Youwei and Liang Quichao
• Emperor Guangxu launched reform for const. monarchy
• Cixi executed 6 leading reformers and halted the reforms

THE BOXER REBELLION

THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE

• Sun Yatsen: Guomindang
• elimination of special privileges for foreigners
• national reunification
• economic development
• democratic republican govt based on universal suffrage

Communism vs Nationalism

More japanese and Chinese conflict

• Mukden Incident in Manchuria
• Rape of Nanjing
• Chinese resistance remained strong