CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE

JIM CROW LAWS

• From 1877-1950's
• Some individuals that participated are W.E.B. Du Bois, Horsea Williams, and Jessie Daniel Ames
• The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation state and local laws enacted after Reconstruction period in the southern states that continued in force until 1965
• This prohibited racial segregation in all public facilities in southern U.S. States

FORMATION OF CORE

• Founded in March 1942
• People involved were George Houser, James I. Farmer, and Bayard Rustin.
• Sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as a tactic against segregation
• The Congress of Racial Equality is an organization that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement and is still existent today.

JACKIE ROBINSON PLAYS BALL

• April 15, 1947
• He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, they were playing against the Kansas City Monarchs.
• He was an American Major League Baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues.
• This changed baseball dramatically, African Americans were never allowed to play until now, now any race is not segregated when it comes to baseball.

Desegregation OF THE MILITARY

• July 26, 1948
• Was happening to African American veterans
• African American veterans were tired of being discriminated against and were determined to root out injustice in the United States
• This was the first step in getting rid of racism in the United States

BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION

• May 17, 1954
• Oliver L. Brown, McKinley Burnett, Charles Scott, and Lucinda Todd
• Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional
• This led to the schooling that we now have today

MURDER OF EMMETT TILL

• August 28, 1955
• Carolyn Bryant, Roy Bryant, J.W. Milam
• A 14 year old boy was murdered in Mississippi because he was accused of flirting with a white woman
• Helped focus on the brutality of racism and the barbarism of lynching but also on the limitations and vulnerabilities of American democracy

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

• December 1-20,1956
• Rosa Parks
• An African American woman was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person.
• This helped lead to the segregation of buses to be unconstitutional

SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP Conference FORMATION

• January 10, 1957
• Martin Luther King Jr.
• This was an African American civil rights organization.
• The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement

LITTLE ROCK 9

• September 1957
• 9 African American students, Orval Faubus
• These group of African American kids were segregated at their school and were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school
• This lead to the decision that all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation.

FIRST LUNCH COUNTER SIT-IN

• February 1,1960
• Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil, David L. Richmond
• Four African American college students sat down again lunch counter and politely asked for service but were denied
• Helped ignite a youth led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South

FREEDOM RIDES

• May 4,1961
• Were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern states
• With the violent actions they provoked they bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights movement

ADMISSION OF JAMES MEREDITH

• October 1, 1967
• He became the first African-American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi
• Ended up leading to the largest civil rights march in Mississippi

BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN

• April 3- May 10, 1963
• Led by Martin Luther King Jr, James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others.
• High school students were hit by a high-pressure water jet from a firehose during a peaceful walk in Birmingham, Alabama.
• This paved way for Civil Rights Act of 1964 and increased attention to racial segregation in the South

MARCH ON WASHINGTON

• August 28, 1963
• Estimated 250,000 people participated
• This was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history and called for civil and economic rights for African Americans
• The march is credited with helping pass the Civil Rights act of 1964

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

• July 2, 1964
• This act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
• it ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, in the workplace and by facilities that served the general public.

MARCH ON SELMA

• March 7-25, 1965
• Martin Luther King Jr, Lyndon Johnson
• Activists publicized the three protest marches to show the desire for African American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression.
• This resulted in the voting rights act of 1965

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

• August 6, 1965
• This was an act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States.
• Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the American civil rights movement.
• The act resulted in the mass enfranchisement of racial minorities throughout the country

THE BLACK PANTHERS

• October 1966
• Leader was Huey P. Newton
• It was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization active in the United States from 1966-1982

ROOTS PREMIERE

• January 23, 1977
• A story about a captured adolescent who is sold into slavery in the United States
• Led to a cultural sensation and is considered one of the most important U.S. works of the twentieth century

MALCOLM x DEBUT

• November 18, 1992
• An American Muslim minister and human rights activist.
• He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

• 1984
• Is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using non-violent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs

9/11

• September 11, 2001
• A series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States in New York City and the Washington D.C. metropolitan area.
• Caused serious damage to the economy of lower Manhattan and has a significant effect on global markets