Classification

3 Domains

• The Archaea
• The Bacteria
• The Eukarya

The Archaea

• Prokayotic cells
• Have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
• Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan
• Are NOT sensitive to some antibiotics that affect The Bacteria, but ARE sensitive to some antibiotics that affect The Eukarya

The Bacteria

• Prokaryotic cells
• Like Eukarya, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
• Cell walls DO contain peptidoglycan (unlike Archaea and Eukarya)
• ARE sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but ARE resistant to most antibiotic that affect Eukarya

The Eukarya

• Eukaryotic cells
• Like bacteria, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
• Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but those that DO do NOT contain peptidoglycan
• ARE resistant to traditional antibacterial antibiotics, but ARE sensitive to most that affect eukaryotic cells

Levels of Taxa

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Dear King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup

Full Identification of...

• ...Humans: Animalia (K) chordata (P) mammalia (C) primates (O) hominidae (F) homo (G) sapiens (S)
• ...Saguaro Cacti: Plantae (K) tracheophyta (P) magnoliopsida (C) caryophyllales (O) cactacae (F) carnegiea (G) gigantean (S)

Binomial Nomenclature

• Definition: the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet Examples: -Harmonia axyridis (ladybug) -Homo sapien (human)

Plant Phyla

Bryophyta

• None vascular (no true vascular tissue in them)
• Plants of very short stature

Filicinophyta

• Vascula
• Absence of flowers
• triangular fronds made up of many smaller thin leaves

Coniferophyta

• Vascular
• All produce woody stems
• Leaves are in the form of needles or scales

Angiospermophyta

• Produce flowers and fruit (if fruit has seeds in it, the plant is an angiosperm)
• Not always pollinated by wind
• Many flowering plants rely on bird and insects to transport pollen from one to another

Animal Phyla

Porifera

• Marine animals that are sessile (are stuck in place)
• Do not have mouths or digestive tracts but feed by pumping water through their tissues to filter out food
• No muscle or nerve tissue and no distinct internal organs

Cnidaria

• All have stinging cells called nematocysts
• Some are sessile, others are free-swimming, and some can be both depending on the period in their life cycle

Platyhelminthes

• Only have one body cavity with one opening for food to enter and waste to exit
• No heart or lungs
• Their bodies are not segmented (divided up into sections)

Annelida

• Segmented worms (bodies are divided into sections separated by rings)
• Have bristles on their bodies (not always visible)
• Have a gastric tract with a mouth at one end and an opening on the other where waste is released

Mollusca

• Most are aquatic
• Many produce a shell reinforced with calcium
• Have a one-way digestive system
• Bodies are not segmented

Arthropode

• Have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin
• Segmented bodies
• Limbs can bend because they are jointed
• Often used for walking, but adaptations for the ones that swim
• Others can form mouthparts

Chordata

• Have a notochord (a line of cartilage going down the back that provides support to the animal) at some point in their development
• Most animals have a hard backbone but some have a cartilaginous spine

Vertebral Animal Classes

Birds

• Bipedal (2 legs) Have wings (adapted for flight for most, swimming for some) All have feathers and lay eggs with hardened shells Skeletons are often lightweight Hollow bones Jaws form beaks with no teeth Usually build nests for young Heartbeat and breathing rates are relatively fast because they have a high rate of metabolism

Mammals

• They have hair on their body Females can produce milk Four limbs and adapted to live on land but some are adapted to live in the water and some are even adapted for flight Capable of thermoregulation (maintain their body temp at a fixed level)

Amphibians

• Start their lives in water Larval forms usually have gills to breathe underwater but their adult forms develop lungs for breathing air Most can absorb oxygen through their skin Most have 4 legs when they are adults but there is a legless group called caecilians Eggs do not have a membrane around the emebryo Cannot regulate their body temp

Reptiles

• Produce amniote eggs (have a membrane around the embryo) They have scales on their bodies Cannot regulate their body temp

Fish

• Aquatic organisms All have gills that absorb oxygen Skulls and bones are made of bone or cartilage All fish have jaws and teeth (even though some aren’t as visible as others) A small number of fish use their mouths as suckers to stick onto a surface Have limbs in the form of fins but do not have digits