Comp Sci: Network, LAN, & Cloud

Summary

• 1960s - AT&T moves toward computing from telephones
• 1970s - Start of connection, ARPANET & Ethernet are developing
• 1980s - Macintosh and the internet
• 1990s - Internet, Cloud, and VMware
• 2000s - Government switches to cloud, Dropbox is created
• 2010s - People and CIA switch to cloud

1960

• Networking is pioneered by AT&T
• Dataphone, the first modem
• Converted analog to digital for long distance transmission

1970

• Objective: Invent the “office of the future”
• Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center
• Personal computers called Altos
• The Alto vision was networking for files, printers, and the outside world

1971

• ALOHAnet started by Norm Abramson
• University of Hawaii
• Wireless packet digital network
• No frequencies assigned to computers

1971 (late)

• Major advancements by Ray Tomlinson
• First email sent between different hosts
• Sent on ARPANET, a military network

1973

• Ethernet created by Bob Metcalfe
• Developed by Xerox
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.3 compatibility is ethernet

1975

• Telenet is created by Larry Roberts
• It’s the first commercial packet-switching network
• Civilian counterpart of ARPANET

1977

• ARCNET was a token passing network
• More reliable, using point to point cables
• Different from Ethernet’s shared cable
• Point to point adopted in later versions of Ethernet

1983

• ARPANET is split into ARPANET and MILNET
• ARPANET reserved for civilians
• MILNET reserved for the military

1984

• IBM Token Ring prevented token bus crashes
• Computer sends data only when it has the token
• The data travels until it arrives at the original
• IEEE 802.5 , IBM's LAN

1984 & 1985

• Apple’s 1984 Macintosh, a network ready personal computer
• LocalTalk was Apple’s physical network
• LocalTalk protocols communicated with the LaserWriter printer
• Apple later cancelled plans for extensive networked “Macintosh Office”

1985

• National Science Foundation introduces the internet
• Formed a network called NSFNET linking 5 supercomputers at Princeton, Pittsburgh, UC San Diego, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Cornell.
• Utilized reassigned pieces of ARPANET

1990

• World Wide Web is created
• Tim Berners-Lee creates HyperText Markup Language (HTML) allowing the internet to expand

1993

• Mosaic is released
• It is the first browser to allow graphical content on the Internet

1993

• Novell NetWare is dominating LAN
• King of LAN topping out at 63% market share
• Updated 1993 to NetWare 4.0
• Centralized directory tree, expensive equipment

1993

• Windows NT
• Easier to manage
• Second most popular after NetWare
• Cheaper as it was Windows

1994

• Windows for Workgroup 3.11
• Cheaper than Novell Netware
• Developed by Microsoft as direct competitor

1996

• Start of Wireless LAN
• Described in 1977 by John O’Sullivan
• WiFi - Wireless Fidelity IEEE 802.11
• Sending information through radio waves
• Research paper from CSIRO, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia

1996

• U.S. Navy launches IT-2
• 270,000 connected
• Continuous TCP/IP

1997

• “cloud computing” was officially termed by professor Ramnath Chellappa
• Regulation?

1998

• VMWare is founded
• Walter Reed Army Medical Center

1999, 2000, 2005

• U.S. Defense Department switches from network with 100 megabits/sec to one with a 1 GB/sec
• Government agencies and the development of their "grids"
• Environmental Protection Agency uses grid computing to monitor air quality

2005

• Intel releases Pentium 4
• 7th generation microarchitecture
• Without cooling problems, these chips could run at speeds up to 10 GHz

2007

• Dropbox was created

2008

• Apptis Inc. and ServerVault Corp. create cloud for federal sector

2010

• Government integrates cloud computing into more areas

2011

• GSA (General Services Administration) moves 17,000 personnel to Google Apps
• Military wanted cloud which could withstand virtual attacks

2012

• Cloud becomes more popular in public sector

2013

• Amazon creates a cloud for CIA

Conclusion

• Human's desire for communication
• Government funds technology that proliferates to everyone, improving their lives
• Private sector further develops tech to make tech profitable
• Government develops cloud for internal communication
• Private sector further develops cloud to sell and improve lives

Winners

• Network: Cisco,Verizon, and AT&T
• LAN: Microsoft, Ethernet, and CSIRO
• Cloud: Amazon, Google, and Dropbox

Losers

• Network: Smaller Companies that merged
• LAN: Apple, IBM, and Novell
• Cloud: Smaller Storage Companies (StorSimple, InMage Systems Inc., Greenbutton, etc.)