As a political allegory we need only to look at the state of the world at the end of World War II. The world was divided into two camps the free world and the Soviet Union much like the camps of Ralph and Jack.
In addition the postwar Cold War Era suffered from fears of atomic destruction. Lord of the Flies shows the world at the brink of atomic destruction. The novel serves as a warning to the leaders of the world.
Jack and the choir represent, in part, the government / social organizations that maintain control, but that can also get out of control (military / religion). This may particularly reference the Nazis of WWII.
“The Beast” might represent the imagined external threats that justify the loss of law and order or lost civil rights
Ex: Scapegoating in Nazi Germany or Demonizing the U.S. for the U.S.S.R.
Samneric represent members of society who have trouble “acting independently” and might change opinions or sides rapidly and without warning. They follow the strongest leader.
As a Freudian psychological allegory the characters in the novel personify the different aspects of the human psyche: the id, the super ego, and the ego.
Piggy is the “superego”. This is the part of the mind that seeks to control the impulsive behavior of the id. Piggy always reminds Ralph and the others of their responsibilities.
Ralph is the “ego”. He is the conscious mind that mediates between the id's demand for pleasure and the social pressures brought to bear by the superego.
The Fall has become a metaphor for any fall from a favorable place.
It is the Biblical explanation for why life can never be perfect for humanity.
It refers specifically to Adam and Eve’s (original humans and representatives of humanity) fall from God’s grace as a response to their disobedience of God’s strict orders to avoid the fruit of the “tree of knowledge.”