Copy of Animal Testing
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MORE DECKS TO EXPLORE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
ANIMAL TESTING IS NECESSARY OR NOT
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History of Animal Testing
The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE. Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first to perform experiments on living animals.Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "father of vivisection". Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.
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Animal Testing Advantages
1. The found of cowpox help prevent the spread of smallpox.
2.Experiments in which dogs had their pancreases removed led directly to the discovery of insulin, critical to saving the lives of diabetics.
3. The polio vaccine, tested on animals, reduced the global occurrence of the disease from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 223 cases in 2012.
4.chimpanzees help the invention of the vaccine for hepatitis B which killed 15,000 people every years in USA.
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Animal Testing Nowadays
Each year, more than 100 million animals—including mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, monkeys, fish, and birds—are killed in U.S. laboratories for biology lessons, medical training, curiosity-driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.
Try to Imagine How Many Animals Are Killed for Food Each Year. In just the U.S. alone: Land animals (mostly chickens) killed for food: 8 billion. Marine animals (fish and shellfish) killed for food: 100 billion.
108 billion in total !!!
The three Rs
－Replacement which refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aims. These methods include computer modeling.
－Reduction which refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.
－Refinement which refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used. These methods include non-invasive techniques.
CONCLUSION
ANIMAL TESTING HAS CONTRIBUTED TO MANY LIFE-SAVING CURES AND TREATMENTS.IT'S NECESSARY TO USED IN SCIENTIFIC.
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