NATIONALISM

Essential Questions

• How did nationalism and democracy influence national revolutions?
• What events led to the unification of Italy?
• What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany?

1815

The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests

For centuries European rulers gained or lost lands for various reasons (marriages, wars, treaties, etc.)

Territories and people in them were exchanged like pieces of a game

1815: Europe had several empires that included MANY nationalities
: Ottoman, Austrian, and Russian

REvolution and political reform

The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy & the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.

REvolutions of 1848

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What is nationalism?

Loyalty AND pride in one's country. the belief that it is better than other countries. a desire by a large group of people (such as people who share the same culture, history, language, etc.) to form a separate & independent nation

NAtionalism Gives people a sense of identity and hopes/goal of creating their own land

Growth of Nationalism stimulated by:

• national pride
• economic competition
• democratic ideas

Unification of Italy

Italy's background

• Italy had MANY city-states
• Invasion of napoleon sparked dreams of national unity
• The congress of Vienna ignored that hope
• Unification was possible through efforts of determination and a clever politician

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Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini 1805-1872

• Formed a nationalist group known as young Italy in 1832
• Called for an end to foreign rule and the unification of italy based on the common language and culture of the people
• in 1848, rebellions failed-Mazzini driven into exile

Camilo di cavour

cavour 1810-1861

• 1852-camilo di cavour becomes prime minister to the king of sardinia, victor emmanuel II
• Count cavour reformed sardinia's economy
• GOAL: End Austrian power in Italy and annex several Italian Provinces

Using cunning and deceitful diplomacy, Cavour gained support from france and incited a war with austria. Gained control of all of Northern Italy except Venice.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Garibaldi 1807-1882

• cavour was secretly aiding nationalist rebels in southern italy
• Garibaldi was a member of Young Italy and wanted an Italian Republic
• recruited a force of 1,000 men- The REDSHIRTS
• Took two ships to sicily...

Garibaldi and his redshirts won control of southern italy, marched northward, and joined forces with sardinian troops

Garibaldi willingly gave up united southern italian states to King Victor Emanuel after asking his followers what they wanted

1870 - Italian forces took over the papal states including rome. This was the last part to join italy.

steps to Italian Unification

• Mazzini develops his nationalist ideology- failed revolt attempts 1830s, 1840s
• Cavour & Napoleon III meet 1858
• austro-sardinian WAR 1859
• Garibaldi & his redshirts unite with cavour
• French troops leave Rome 1870 due to franco-prussian war

Unification of Germany

Germany Background

• German-speaking people lived in Prussia, Austria, and other small states
• 1815-1839 German states formed the german confederation (dominated by Austrian Empire)

More German Background

• Prussia was a large, but geographically divided german state
• in 1848, Berlin rioters pushed for a constitutional convention
• King William I fought with parliament over raising funds to increase the size of army

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Otto von bismarck

Otto von bismarck

• From Prussia's Junker class of conservative, land-owning nobles
• wanted to increase prussia's power, not unify germany
• Realpolitik-hard lined politics, whatever is necessary to achieve the goal
• Blood and iron

realpolitik

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Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.

Bismarck's Wars: War against denmark

• Allied with austria and successfully won two provinces: Holstein and Schleswig
• Raised nationalist sentiment and confidence
• increased support for prussia

Bismarck's WArs: Austro-Prussian War

• Austria declared war on Prussia (1866) after Bismarck started tensions over borders
• convincing win for Prussia with superior technology
• Gave Prussia control of northern german territory

Bismarck's Wars: Franco-Prussian War

• A few southern states (mostly Catholic) remained independent of Bismarck's germany
• Bismarck created the idea that the french ambassador had insulted the Prussian King
• French reacted by declaring war

Franco-Prussian War: Prussia won and raised nationalist sentiments in southern germany

Northern and southern princes persuaded William I of Prussia to accept title of Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany

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results

• Unified germany
• Wilhelm named Emperor
• Balance of power Established by Congress of Vienna is broken down

conclusion

• The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century.
• Italy and Germany became nation-states long after the rest of Europe.