03 Compare and contrast the lacto-ovo vegetarian diet with the vegan diet. • Vegans eat no dairy produce or any kind of eggs, or anything from an animal, including honey. Lacto-ovo vegetarians will eat dairy products, but eggs must be free range. The preference may be for organic and freedom food products. • Vegans may prefer organic produce and whole foods. • Calorie consumption is lower than in lacto-ovo vegetarians because their diet contains higher bulk / low calorie foods, e.g. fruit and vegetables. • Protein content of the vegan diet is about 75% of the non vegan average but still within acceptable limits. • Vegans need to consume a greater variety of LBV proteins in order to gain the essential amino acids (complementation).
• Give credit to candidates who list the essential amino acids: Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, (Histidine). • Vegans gain their essential nutrients from less commonly used ingredients such as Nori Seaweed and Vecon for Vit B12, and soya for essential amino acids. • Nutrients that may be in shortfall for Vegans are calcium, selenium, iodine, vitamins B12 and vitamin D, possibly riboflavin. These are obtained from the following sources (see table): • Credit any relevant moral, social, ethical and environmental issues, such as sourcing of ingredients, principles which affect choice (e.g. Vegans do not agree with commercial production of honey as it results in bees being killed) etc.  Allow 1 mark for any point relating to the possible ill-effects of a baby/child having a vegan diet. (This is not as crucial for lacto-ovo vegetarians, though iron may be a concern.) NB Quorn is acceptable for lacto ovo vegetarians, but not for vegans as it contains egg. Credit this observation

Vegan Sources of shortfall nutrients: Fortified soya milk, white bread, baked beans, dried figs, leafy green vegetables, tofu, nuts, muesli, pulses. Brazil nuts, lentils, sunflower seeds, wholemeal bread, cashew nuts Seaweed, Vecon, kelp supplements Fortified breakfast cereals, fortified soya milk, Vecon, fortified bread Fortified vegetarian margarines, fortified breakfast cereals, fortified soya milk, sunlight Fortified breakfast cereal, soya milk, fortified soya milk, Marmite, Vecon • Vegans may obtain more than the national average of the following nutrients: vitamin C, magnesium, copper, folate, beta-carotene, essential fatty acids. Total fat intake is about 25% lower than average and saturate intake is about 25% lower than average. Carbohydrate intake (nearly 55%) and fibre (NSP) is higher than the national level, including that of lacto-ovo vegetarians.