Dynamic Earth
Published on Nov 18, 2015
General overview of 3 of the 4 spheres of earth.
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Dynamic Earth
Geosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere = Life
Goals of Lecture
- What makes up each sphere?
- Happenings in each sphere.
- How are they all connected?
- Contribution to life.
Photo by april-mo
Layers of the Earth
Differ in physical state and chemical component
http://faculty.weber.edu/bdattilo/shknbk/notes/cmpstrct.htm
Note that the deeper toward the interior, the higher the temp, which should melt metal, but the high pressure keeps molecules from moving too far apart as would happen under high thermal conditions.
Isostacy: the Lithosphere "floats" on the asthenosphere.
Note that the deeper toward the interior, the higher the temp, which should melt metal, but the high pressure keeps molecules from moving too far apart as would happen under high thermal conditions.
Isostacy: the Lithosphere "floats" on the asthenosphere.
Untitled Slide
Tectonic Plates Boundaries
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html
Cool link to videos.
Link for information on Movement of Plate Tectonics:
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html
Cool link to videos.
Link for information on Movement of Plate Tectonics:
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html
Plate collisions
What's the Deal?
Plate Tectonics
- Divergent Boundaries
- Convergent Boundaries
- Transform Boundaries
- Plate Boundary Zones
Divergent = new crust made as plates pull away.
Convergent = crust is destroyed as plates move across each other.
Transform = horizontal sliding of plates.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html
Convergent = crust is destroyed as plates move across each other.
Transform = horizontal sliding of plates.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html
Photo by Robert S. Donovan
Physical Properties
- 3 states of water: H-bonds
- Less dense at low temp.
- High Specific heat
- Neutral pH
- Uniform temperatures
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html
Atomic structure of water, and molecular nature of interactions within water as a substance, help explain its physical properties.
Atomic structure of water, and molecular nature of interactions within water as a substance, help explain its physical properties.
Photo by Mouin.M►(away)
Structure of Atmosphere
- 4 layers based on temperature
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
https://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_1.htm
Different layers defined by difference in temperature and chemical composition.
Different layers defined by difference in temperature and chemical composition.
Structure of Atmosphere
Energy and Atmosphere
All energy comes from Sun. Energy is transferred via conduction, radiation, and convection.
Sunlight hitting earth's surface = radiation.
Heat energy transmitted via neighboring molecules is conduction (heat traveling through water)
Heat transmitted by groups of molecules moving through space is convection (hot water traveling in currents through ocean.
Solar radiation encounters Ozone and water vapor, which absorbs UVB and UVA radiation (Ozone) and Heat (water).
Sunlight hitting earth's surface = radiation.
Heat energy transmitted via neighboring molecules is conduction (heat traveling through water)
Heat transmitted by groups of molecules moving through space is convection (hot water traveling in currents through ocean.
Solar radiation encounters Ozone and water vapor, which absorbs UVB and UVA radiation (Ozone) and Heat (water).
Ozone Reaction
- Exothermic reaction
- Converts radiation into heat
The ozone in the stratosphere is produced by photochemical reactions involving O2. When diatomic oxygen in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths less than 240 nm, it breaks apart into two oxygen atoms.
The resulting oxygen atoms combine with O2 molecules to form ozone.
This reaction is exothermic, and the net effect of the previous two reactions is the conversion of three molecules of O2 to two molecules of ozone with the simultaneous conversion of light energy to heat. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths as long as 290 nm. This radiation causes the ozone to decompose into O2 molecules and oxygen atoms.
The resulting oxygen atoms combine with O2 molecules to form ozone.
This reaction is exothermic, and the net effect of the previous two reactions is the conversion of three molecules of O2 to two molecules of ozone with the simultaneous conversion of light energy to heat. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths as long as 290 nm. This radiation causes the ozone to decompose into O2 molecules and oxygen atoms.
Untitled Slide
This, too, is an exothermic reaction. The overall effect of this reaction and the previous reaction is the conversion of light energy into heat. Thus, ozone in the stratosphere prevents highly energetic radiation from reaching the Earth's surface and converts the energy of this radiation to heat.
http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ozone/ozone.html#
http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ozone/ozone.html#
