EDUCATION & STRATEGIES FOR GROWTH

Education is Key

• key to economic growth is education
• more education means more human capital
• more human capital means increased productivity
• more education means more democracy

Education is Key

• more education means fewer births per mother
• lessened environmental pressure

Education is Key

• Latin American education ranks low
• the best education ➞the wealthy, whom are able to afford private primary education
• most education funding➞public university➞primary education lacks

Education in Latin America

• highest developing-country gross primary school enrolllment
• low quality➞inadequate learning➞high repetion
• lack quality materials➞lack properly trained instructors➞sub-par education

Child Labor & Education

• rural/poor children forced to labor during harvest➞miss school➞repeat grade
• 90-98 7% annual enrollment increase
• 1960-2000 enrollment surge from 14% to 86%

Child Labor & Education

• some laws mandate child enrollment➞weak enforcement
• LA labor force has lower education rates than other developing regions
• educations gains➝post secondary at the university level
• higher education➝wage increase 50-70% wage increase

Many More Start than Finish

• Argentina➝62% of youth start college, 53% Chile
• apparent growth ➝lags East Asia
• LA region leaders university education➝ Argentina, Brazil,
• low Associate's degree numbers
• Argentina, Peru, Chile➝60% 20-24yo population➝secondary schooling completion

Inequalities in Education

• race, class, geography➝inequality➝human capital accumulation
• poorest 1/5 population Bolivia➝avg. 5.2 years education
• richest 1/5 Bolivian population➝12.6 yrs education

Inequalities in Education

• LA inverted pyramid economic opportunity➝few from base have advanced education opportunity
• privileged➝greatest education opportunities
• poor➝lowest quality education➝worse than wealthy counterparts on national exams

Education & Birth Rates

• more investments girl's education➝higher health levels
• 1-3 add'l years female education➝15% reduced infant mortality
• 1-3 add'l years male education➝6% lower infant mortality rate
• Peru➝6+ yrs schooling➝75% cut infant mortality

Women & Education

• educated women➝greater earnings➝greater use of prenatal health services➝healthier
• educating girls➝high (indirect/direct) costs➝can't help with farm chores or younger siblings

Disability & Education in Latin America

• 1:10 people have disability in Latin America
• reform is needed that caters to their educational needs
• educatioinal improvements needed both in quality and accessibility for disabled people

Indigenous & Education in Latin America

• indigenous are poorest➝lowest access, worst quality education
• direct/indirect costs of education➝exacerbated by inability to speak Spanish
• 60% Guatemalan indigenous population➝lack education
• avg. Guatemalan indigenous education➝1.8yrs males, .9yrs females
• Guatemalan non-indigenous ➝ 4.5yrs males, 4yrs females

Indigenous & Education in Latin America

• Indigenous of Peru, Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia➝3 fewer yrs education
• indigenous females➝ less 1/2 education non-indigenous females
• indigenous poor➝ more investment in male education➝ perceivable greater return
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD0oNTUUGKU

Who Pays?

• 1990➝2.7% GDP ➝education
• 2002-03➝4.3% GDP➝education
• above average for low-middle income countries
• private countries➝more contributed overall to education
• low per-pupil spending➝$190 Nicaragua;$1400 chile; $4933 OECD; $6000 USA

Latin America Literacy

• literacy➝loosely defined➝completion 4th grade
• 2/3 literacy 1960➝95%today

Untitled Slide

Social Change in Latin America

• decentralization of edu
• dissolve bureaucracies
• increase accountability
• Ivan Illich➝deschooling➝institutions do not equal learning
• cater to specific needs of poor➝increase learning➝decrease unit cost
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kk1ZYOs_Ok

Solving Latin America's Education Dillema

• Mexico➝Opportunidades Program(Progressa)
• Brazil➝Bolsa Família(Bolsa Escola)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtQBZJG6srI

Science without Borders Brazil

Overview

• '12 Initiative by Pres. Dilma Rousseff
• increase technological competitivity
• send Brazilian students to learn in world's best academic institutions
• focus biotechnology, ocean science, petroleum engineering, etc.

financing Science without Borders

• costs 3 billion reais($1.65 billion)
• 25% costs paid by private business investment
• 75% tax-payer burden

Science without Borders

• 4-4.5% growth rate
• lower than Latin American average
• lower than other BRIC countries

Science without Borders

• Unemployment at record low
• Brazilians with degrees earn 3.6 times more than high school graduates
• figure unmatched by any other OECD countries

TRENDS IN EDUCATION

Global/Regional Contexts Higher Education

• higher education(university) expectations➝pressure reform policies, plans & programs
• university innovation with social pertinence➝yield democracy, technology, worker knowledge, social responsibility

Quality-Responsibility LA/Caribbean Univ.

• quality of Higher Education linked to pertinence, equity, and social responsibility should take consideration public commitments and social roles o educational institutions.

Towards Alternative for 2021

• policies that yield strides towards equality and inclusion in the timeframe 2021
• government policies needed to combat Higher Education challenges

Diversification-Differentiation-Segmentation

• future of Higher Education linked to propensity to interact on international plane and integrate academic activities
• development depends on pertinence for public regulation and democratic control of education

Regional Integration & Nationalization

• expansion of world trade has implications on education such as academic exchange programs
• Higher Education is key to transforming to sustainable human development for LA & Caribbean

Higher Education Reform Proposals

• Higher Education represent transition b/w development style of 90s & beginning construction of new growth model
• change needed: social commitment advanced knowledge;potential/challenges new technologies; management& financing; and national & international frameworks.

Accreditation& Assessment Systems

• strengthening national & institutional systems as challenge for progress of education policies in region.

Pathways to Inovation

• strengthening national & institutional systems as challenge for progress of regional education policies
• structural changes & initiatives in countries in LA/Caribbean in 90s to establish and strengthen national assessment and accreditation policies within the context of the new knowledge societies

Challenges & Dilemmas

• Latin American universities need and deserve better government
• institutions are improving governmental practices as result of stimuli of context and decisions through innovations that are contributing to better governability