France

Social

Bourgeoisie

• The Bourgeoisie was the French middle class
• They made up the majority of the population
• They were the wealthier of the middle class
• They held many big jobs and played big roles

Aristocracy

• Early in the 19th century this class emerged
• They were the most wealthy and powerful
• They held very important jobs 
• However, they made up a small amount of the population

Working class

• The working class were a large part of the population
• They took the most labour intensive jobs
• They worked very hard for their living

Political

Bonapartism

• Bonapartism began in 1815 but lasted long after
• It was a political movement that advocated for ideas of Napoleon 
• The people wanted a strong centralized state with a strong ruler
• This idea was very simialir to the rule of Napoleon, hence the name.

The second republic

• It began in 1848 and lasted until 1852
• It was a provisional government, meaning it would be changed
• It occurred after the revolution and overthrow of the ruler by Bonaparte
• This republic would eventually lead to the Second Empire

The third republic

• The French Third Republic lasted from 1870-1940
• It occurred after the Second French Empire 
• The basis of it was the French Constitutional Laws of 1875

Religious

BOURBON restoration

• The Bourbon Restoration lasted from 1815-1830
• During this time the re-establishment of the politics of France occured
• The rule of the Roman Catholic Church was once again re-established
• It then became very powerful and became the dominant belief in France

Law of SEPARATION of churches and state

• A 1905 law separated the church and the state
• It made it so that the state could not choose a religion
• This law greatly showcased the tolerance of France
• It allowed them to bring more diversity and prosper culturally

jules ferry laws

• These laws were enacted in 1881 and 1882
• The education process was changed greatly
• The church officials and staff members no longer were teachers
• These changes in education greatly improved the system

Intellectual

Metric system

• The metric system was a new method of measurement
• The first prototype was created in 1791
• However, it began to become commercially used in 1875
• This system allowed for a universal method of measurement
• It measured through rulers, bottles, and many other ways.

Rabies Vaccine

• The first vaccine was created in 1885
• It was created by Louis Pasteur
• He was a French chemist and biologist
• His innovation of this vaccine was very important

Aspirin

• Aspirin was first created some time in 1853
• It was created by Charles Gerhardt, a French chemist
• Aspirin was commonly used to alleviate pain and stop headaches
• Therefore it was very beneficial to the French people
• Aspirin is still commonly used today by millions across the globe

Technological

Electrometer

• A device used to measure electrical charge
• It was created by Jean Peltier, a French physicist
• He published his invention in 1836
• Eventually the electrometer evolved into our modern day one.

Gare du nord railway station

• First railway station built in Northern France
• Built between 1861 and 1864 
• Built by the Chemin de Fer du Nord company
• Allowed travel to many international destinations

Arithmometer

• It was the first digital mechanical calculator.
• It was first built by Louis Payen in 1887.
• It could add, subtract, multiply and divide.
• It was used very commonly in offices and workplaces.

Economic

Railways

• They were used to transport goods long distances effectively
• Items like cheeses, wines, and raw materials were commonly transported
• The economic value of the railways was very high
• It allowed the economy to grow quickly and to make profit for France.

Le Bon Marche

• It was founded by Aristide Boucicaut in 1838 
• It was a department store that offered many different services
• Because of its appeal and wide availability it became very popular
• It brought in a lot of revenue for France
• It also allowed France to sell it's consumer goods easily.

World war I

• World War I began in 1914 in Europe
• France played a big role in World War I
• France suffered from food shortages
• However, they ended up improving the economy because of loans
• Also was the first time for tanks to be used in warfare