GLOBAL AGE

Chapter 2 Section 1: The search for spices

Valuable Spices

• spices were the most valued items
• Moluccas: chief of spice sources (indonesia)
• cartographers: map makers/resign ships

Explorers

• Prince Henry: convert africans to christianity
• Vasco da Gama: lead 4 ships around Cape of Good
• Christoper Columbus: wanted to reach East Indies/reached the new world

Chapter 2 Section 2: Turbulent centuries in Africa

Slave Trade Explodes

• Mombasa & Malinidi hubs of international trade
• Affonso I: ruler of Kongo -tried to stop slave trade
• Large number of slaves needed to do work on plantations

Asante Kingdom (Ghana)

• Osei Tutu- took control of Kumasi (trading city)
• monopoly: exclusive control of a buisness

The European Presence Expands

• 1652, Dutch immigrants arrive
• Cape Town: First permanent European settlement, supply ships sailing to or from East Indies
• Boers: dutch farmers, settle around Cape Town

Chapter 2 Section 3: European Footholds in South and Southeast Asia

Portugal builds an eastern empire

• Afonso de Albuquerque: command over Portuguese
• they take the island Goa on the coast of India (made into a military and commercial base)
• took port of Malacca(1511) burns coastal towns and crushed Arab fleets at sea

Rise of the Dutch

• Dutch East India Company formed by a group of weathly merchants in 1602
• sovereign power: build armies,wage war, negotiate peace treaties, and govern overseas territory
• captured Malacca from Portueguese
• Dutch loses some power during the 1700's because England and France getting more power

Spanish seizes the Philippines

• received silver from Mexico and Peru across the pacific and buy goods from China
• Spanish priests try to convert Filipino to Christianity
• Filipinos try to spread it to china and japan

Chapter 2 Section 4: Encounters in East Asia

European contact with Ming China

• Ming claims "our empire owns the world"
• let them trade at Macao(Guangzhou) but demanded payment of gold and silver and under supervision
• Matteo Ricci: little success in religious belief spreading but, the Chinesse were interested to learn about the Renis.

Manchu Conquest

• made new dynasty called Qing when Ming feel apar
• Eropeans still tried to trade but were denied for being disrespectful

Japan and Korea isolate

• Korea: get attacked by Japan, cities burn, diesease kills
• Japan: trusted Westerners at first but they cut it off after finding out they took over the Philippines. Let 1-2 dutch ships each year to trade at a little island in Nagasaki harbor.

Chapter 3 Section 1: Conquest in the Americas

First Explorer in the Americas

• Christopher Columbus: (1492 in west indies) first friendly with Tainos
• Conquistadors: settle in Hispaniola (took natives gold, forced Christianity, and disease wiped out 90% of Natives pop.)

Cortes conquers Mexico

• 1519 arrives in Tenochtitlan
• Malinche: youn Indian woman helps translate and makes local tribe alliences to fight Aztecs
• Montezuma gives gifts to keep them away, but there is a war and Montezuma is killed

Pizarro takes Peru

• (1532) kills Incan ruler Atahualpa in Peru, then goes through Ecuador and Chile
• He bring a lot of money back in ships

Chapter 3 Section 2: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

Spanish government

• king sets up the Council of the Indies to pass laws for the colonies
• viceroy: someone who ruled the colony in the kings name
• Audiencias: lesser officials who advised the viceroy
• strict control over empire (trade, forced labor, converting to Christianity)

Economy

• encomiendas: European right to demand labor from NativeAmericans in the certain areas (resistance=death)
• Bartolomew de las Casas: against using natives and suggests using Africans
• they would work on plantations (large estate run by an owner)
• peons: workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off a debt

Colonial society

• Peninsulares: "pure bloods"
• Creole: pure blood parents but born in new world
• Mestizos: mix of European and Native Americans
• Mulattos: mix of European and african
• Spanish settlers lived in mexico city (colonial cities and towns)

Cultural blend

• blend: native Americans, Africans,and Europeans
• Natives: shared styles of building, eating, travelling, and art
• Africans: share dances, drama, farming methods, cooking styles, crops, and different religious beliefs
• Europeans: spread religion, introduced horses, clothing, and language

Settling Brazil

• Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 Portugal claims Brazil
• Tupian indians lived in Brazil (wiped out by disease)
• not wealthy with gold and silver
• main exports: Brazil wood and sugarcane
• main import:slaves for sugar plantations

Chapter 3 Section 3: Struggle for North America

Building New France (Canada)

• (1534) Jacques Cartier explors coast line and travels inland on St. Lawrence River he discovered
• main export: timber, furs, and fish
• first settlement in 1608: Samuel de Champlain established colony of Quebe
• *harsh weather makes farming harder, few came, the ones that did left soon*

Empire slowly expands

• Louis XIV wants to strengthen royal power and boost revenues (income from taxes from over seas emipire)
• Sends more soldiers and settlers including women
• by the 1700's forsts,missions and trading posts had expanded from Quebec to Lousiana

Struggling for power

• French and Indian War: 1754-1763
• British launced an attack and took over Quebec
• (1763) Treaty of Paris: ended world wide war. French had to hand over Quebec and lands east of the missippi river

Chapter 3 Section 4: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Triangular Trade across the Atlantic

• 3 legs: 1st- goods to Africa for slaves/ 2nd leg: slaves to America for raw materials- sugar, molasses, tobacco/3rd leg: raw materials back to Europe or other colonies to restart cycle
• Middle Passage: point between Africa and the Americas (2nd leg)
• *impacted 80,000 slaves a year*

Resistance

• the Triangular Trade system was to strong to resist
• Affonso I: (ruler of Kongo) made state Christian
• he beieved the trade of humas was evil

Chapter 3 Section 5: Effects of global Contact

Columbian Exchange

• Europe sent horses and manufactured good
• The New World sent pumpkins, tomatoes, peppers, and corn
• *sparked the migration of millions of people to the New World*

A Commercial Revolution (1500's)

• inflation: more money in the world with less gold and silver in the bank
• capitalism: economic system in which most buisnesses are owned privatly
• entrepreneurs: people who take financial risk to make profits

Mercantilism Arises

• mercantilism: to build its supply of gold and silver a nation would export more goods and import less
• tariffs: taxes on imported goods
• merchants who invested in over seas ventures got money, but nobles lost power because land was their only wealth