GRADING

TUMOR GRADING

• A tumor grading system is used to evaluate the appearance and maturity of malignant cells in a tumor
• Tumors are usually graded by four grades of severity based on the microscopic appearance of the cells
• Grade one tumor has the best prognosis and five the worst

GRADES

• Grade 1 is when the tumor cells are well differentiated
• Grade II is when the cells are moderately differentiated
• Grade III is when the cells are poorly differentiated
• Grade IV is when the cells are very poorly differentiated

STAGING

THE TUMOR, NODE, METASTASIS (TNM)

• TNM is a system of staging to identify the invasiseness of the tumor
• TNM stages tumors according to:
• T- size
• N- nodal involvement
• M- spreading of the tumor

TNM SYSTEM

• Numbers are used to indicate size or spread of the tumor
• Ex. T0 is no evidence of tumor while T1,T2....T3 explain the size and invasion
• N0 is no lymph nodes and N1,N2....N4 is the degree of node involvement and speed
• M0 no metastasis and M1 indicates metastasis

ECCHYMOSIS

• Is skin discoloration, hemorrhagic area (bruise)
• Prefix- ec which means outside, out
• Root word- chym means to pour
• Suffix- osis which means condition
• Rule 1

PETECHIA

• Minute hemorrhage under skin
• -Chiae a minute discolored spot on the surface of the skin
• -ia: condition
• Rule 1

PALLOR

• Unnatural paleness
• Pall/o pale, lacking color
• -or: one who
• rule 1