GUIA DE BIOLOGIA

TEMAS

• Pelvis
• Legs/feet
• Arms/hands
• Joints
• Types of bones
• Bones homology/analogy
• Muscles
• Digestive System

Pelvis

Leg and Foot Parts

Hand Parts

Types of joints

What is a joint?
-Is the point where two or more bones meet.

There are 3 types of joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial.

FIBROUS JOINT

• Connected by dense connective tissue
• Mainly Collagen
• Suture
• Syndesmosis
• Gomphosis.

CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

• Partly movable
• Connected by cartilage
• More movement than fibrous
• Growth of regions of immature long bones and invertebral disc of vertebral column
• Analogous Structure
• Homologous Structure

Analogous Structures:
Not an ancester in common but same functions

Homologous Structures:
Ancester in common but don't share same function

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

What is a synovial joint?
-Allow for movement. Surrounded by cartilage.
Filled with synovial fluids.

6 SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• Pivot Joint: between Atlas and Axis
• Hingle Joint: Humerous, radious
• Saddle Joint: Trapecio
• Gliding Joint: Metatarsals
• Socket Joint: Scapula
• Condyloid joint: Hand

TYPES OF BONES

• Long bones: muscles act on them as rigid levels
• Short bones: equal in width and lenght, clued across each other
• Irregular Bones: Neither flat nor long
• Flat Bones: Protect soft organs and are curved

3 Types of Muscles

Consists of groups of fibers or muscle cells that are bound together.

Muscle fibers= Myofibrils
Sacromere: Unit of a muscle and muscle contracts.

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

SMOOTH MUSCLE

• Involuntary Muscle
• Food moves through digestive track
• Not striated or striped
• Each cell= one nucleous
• Examples: Stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

• Present in the heart
• Cells arranged in network
• Striped or stirated
• Cells with many nucleous
• Cells connected with gap

SKELETAL MUSCLE

• Most of them are
• Muscle attached to bones by tendons
• Voluntary tissues controlled the movement
• Stirated
• Opposing pairs

SKELETAL
Contracts: Rapidly
Found: Trunk, head, neck
Control: Voluntary

CARDIAC
Contracts: Rapidly
Found: Heart
Control: Involuntary

VICERAL
Contracts: Slowly
Found: Blood Vessels
Control: Involuntary

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Process by which complex food molecules are converted into simpler substances.

Who carries the digestive function?

-The digestive system
-the gastro intestinal tract
-the GI system

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF GI SYSTEM

• Simplify complex food into simpler substances
• Absorb simple nutrients
• Excrete the unused material.

INGESTION
-Mechanical digestion:
Mouth, chew, swallow, teeth

-Chemical digestion:
Stomach, saliva, enzymes

ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE TUBE

• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine

ACCESORY ORGANS

• Salivary Glands (6)
• Liver (1)
• Gallbladder (1)
• Pancreas (1)

SALIVARY GLANDS
We have 3 pairs of them:
-2 Parotid
-2 Sublingual
-2 Submandibular

Saliva:
Water, mucus and enzymes

LINGUAL LIPASE:
Acts on Lipids, converting them into simpler fats.

Triglyceride=Glycerol+ 3fatty acids

SALIVARY AMYLASE:
Acts of Starch (polyssacharide) converting it into Maltose (disaccharide)

PHARYNX (DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRSTORY)

• Nasal Cavity
• Oral Cavity
• Trachea
• Esophagus
• Eustachian Tubes

ESOPHAGUS
Structure: Connects pharynx to stomach

Location: Behind the trachea

Function: ❌enzymes
Produces mucus and stromg Peristaltic movements for the food.

ESOPHAGUS CHARACTERISTICS

• Ends in circular muscle called Cardias
• Controls the pasaage of food
• Close to prevent heartburn (Agruras)

STOMACH

• J-shaped muscular organ
• Digest: mainly proteins and some lipids
• 3 muscle layers that mix the food with gastric juices
• Produces protecgive mucus
• Produces gastric juices

GASTRIC JUICES

• Hydrochloric acid-Kills pathogens
• Pepsinogen (Inactive enzyme)
• Gastric Lipase

RIGOMORTIS

When your muscle gets hard because you are dead. Not ATP

LEVELS OF MUSCLE COMPACTION

• Muscle
• Fasticle
• Muscle fiber (hilito)
• Myofibril (hilito del hilito)
• Myofilaments (myosin and actin)