How the brain works

http://www.feministtimes.com/manweek-feminist-toolkit-psychoanalysis/

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

• Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory of personality developed in 1923
• Id, Ego, Superego- The three main parts of the psychic apparatus that describe interactions within our mental processes.
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud

ID

• Contains instinct, entirely unconscious, primitive behavior, primary component of one’s personality (Cherry). Contains Eros (which contains the libido), and the aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos. It is impulsive, uncontrollable, and inherited (McLeod).
• http://www.learningthesteel.com/?p=193

EGO

• Responsible for conscious decisions, responsible for dealing with reality. It is "that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world" (Freud 1923). Freud described the ego "like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse" (Freud, 1923, p.15).

SUPEREGO

• Superego: social component (ideal self) / conscience, provides guidelines for making judgements, when behavior does not meet the ideal self guidelines, guilt comes into play. The ego-ideal is how we ought to be. This is determined by our upbringings and what our parents taught us as children (McLeod).

HOW THEY WORK TOGETHER

• Each component works together to form complex comprehension and thought processes, this is why it is not evident until maturity. Children are born with only the id, as it is the only part needed for simple thought process and instinct for survival. Ego is based on the reality principle and founds upon understanding conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The superego is the last to develop, according to Freud, around age five. It holds all of our moralities and standardized ideas.

SENSORY INPUT

DEFINITIONS

• sensory memory: the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
• short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
• long-term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
• *definitions from Myers Psychology for AP*

DEFINITIONS CON'T

• Procedural memory: part of the long-term memory responsible for knowing motor skills
• Semantic memory: portion of the long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
• Episodic memory: a person's unique memory of a specific event
• *definitions from LiveScience*

Sensory Memory to Short-Term to Long-Term: A Journey

• First, a sensory memory has to be processed into the brain, or encoded. Through rehearsal, the sensory memory is encoded into short-term memory. The short-term memory is then encoded by retrieval into the long-term memory.

MEMORY RETRIEVAL

• You can retrieve memories by priming (unconscious activation of memories) “Seeing or hearing the word rabbit primes associations with hare, even though we may not recall having seen or heard rabbit” (Myers, 336). We can also retrieve memories based on “the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval” (Myers 336). Alongside with context-dependent memory, state-dependent memory, or the state you were in when you experienced the event (such as drunk or sober) aids in retrieval. Suppose you did something stupid when drunk. You will then have a harder time retrieving the memory the next day, when you’re sober. The following weekend, you get drunk again. This time, if you decide to share the memory of last weekend, the retrieval of the memory will be much easier than when you were sober. Another tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood is called mood congruency. “Being depressed sours memories by priming negative associations, which we then use to explain our current mood” (Myers 336).
• http://www.playbuzz.com/jonb10/how-good-is-your-numerical-memory

SHORTHAND, MOVIES, AND THE MERCHANT MARINES

SHORTHAND

• Shorthand: system of rapid handwriting which can be used to transcribe spoken word, taught through special training

WHO USED IT

• Notae Tironionae (Tironian Notes) -popular amongst Romans -invented by Tiro, the recorder of Cicero’s speeches -utilized in Europe up until the Middle Ages
• http://www.exmormonforums.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=2508&sid=cbb9300571961e17...

WHO USED IT

• Căoshū (Draft Script) -China; Han Dynasty (207BC-220AD) -each character is written with a single continuous stroke -considerable variation -very difficult to read without special training
• http://www1.chinaculture.org/exchange/2004-07/08/content_121628_2.htm

WHO USED IT

• Pitman Shorthand -devised by Sir Isaac Pitman -published in 1837 -adapted for 15 different languages -widely used in the UK and USA
• https://www.pinterest.com/pin/569705421584200218/

USES

• Shorthand is most commonly used by secretaries, reporters, and writers. It has since lost its value due to technological advancements such as the tape recorder.

MERCHANT MARINES

• Merchant mariners were seamen who braved the current to ship lifelines of supplies to the war effort overseas. Merchant Marines were made up of people excluded from the military, and was very racially integrated. The standards for this job differed than that of the military, so many men joined this alternate option to contribute to the war effort. They turned out cargo faster than any ship supplied with crew along dangerous waters and patrol areas, making them crucial to the allies victory. It was very dangerous however, and veteran rights were not granted to most who served this task.
• http://www.usmm.org/postertrain1.html

GRETA GARBO

• Famous Swedish actress in the 1920’s and 1930’s, particularly known for leading roles in the films such as “Ninotchka”.

TRAVELOGUES

• Travelogues: a book, movie, etc., about the encounters and experiences of a travelers escapades.
• http://renandstimpy.wikia.com/wiki/Travelogue

NEWSREELES

• Newsreels: Video showing clips and audio of things mostly centered around the war and some others.
• http://timothyjuddviolin.com/2015/02/the-manipulative-power-of-tv-news-musi...

WORKS CITED

• Cherry, Kendra. "What Did Freud Really Believe about Personality and the Id, Ego, and Superego?" About.com Health. About, 20 Dec. 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. .
• Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. SE, 19: 1-66.
• "Google." Google. Web. 2 Dec. 2015. .
• McLeod, S. A. (2008). Id, Ego and Superego. Web. 1 December 2015. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html
• Myers, David G. "Unit 6." Myers' Psychology for AP. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Worth, 2011. 944. Print.
• "On the Water." - Answering the Call, 1917-1945: Merchant Seamen. Smithsonian National Museum of History. Web. 2 Dec. 2015. .
• "Shorthand." Omniglot. Ed. Simon Ager. Kualo. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. .
• Zimmermann, Kim. "Episodic Memory: Definition and Examples." LiveScience.com. 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2015. .
• Zimmermann, Kim. "Procedural Memory: Definition and Examples." LiveScience.com. February 22, 2014. Accessed December 2, 2015. http://m.livescience.com/43595-procedural-memory.html>.
• Zimmermann, Kim. "Semantic Memory: Definition & Examples." LiveScience.com. 29 Jan. 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2014.