HERBERT SPENCER

HERBERT SPENCER WAS BORN IN ENGLAND APRIL 27, 1820. AND HE DIED DECEMBER 8, 1903.

BEST KNOWN FOR

• • Developing and applying evolutionary theory to philosophy, psychology and the study of society.
• • Helping to develop the functionalist perspective, one of the major theoretical frameworks in sociology.
• • His political thoughts, primarily his defense of natural rights and for criticisms of utilitarian positivism.

MAJOR PUBLICATION

• Social Statics: The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness (1850)
• Education (1854)
• The Principles of Psychology (1855)
• • The Principles of Sociology (1876-1896) q
• • The Data of Ethics (1884)

GENERAL THEORY

REFERENCES

• Sweet, W. (2004). Herbert Spencer. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer
• Johnson, A. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell

PIERrE BOURDIEU

BEST KNOWN FOR

• Contributions in the areas of general sociological theory and the link between education and culture
• Pioneering terminologies such as habitus and symbolic violence
• His work Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste

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GENERAL THEORY

Major Publications

• The School as a Conservative Force (1966)
• Outline of a Theory of Practice (1977)
• Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture (1977)
• Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (1984)