THE MAKING OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

• John Kay: Flying Shuttle
• James Watt's: Steam Engine
• George Stephenson: Steam-powered train
• Henry Ford: Assembly Line
• Samuel Crompton: the "Mule"

MOTIVES FOR MIGRATION

• Employment opportunities
• Better salary
• Population overflow in Europe
• Potato famine pushed Irish away
• Anti-Semitic policies against Jews

WORKING CONDITIONS

• Betty Harris: "very hard work for a woman"
• Intense work routines
• 14 hour work days
• Frequent accidents
• High productivity

CORPORATE LEADERS

CORPORATE LEADERS

20% IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

75% IN URBAN CENTERS

ROLE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN

• Child labor persisted until 1840s
• Women worked as domestic servants
• Saved up salary for dowry
• Sometimes developed career of their own
• Served in factories under leadership of men

NEW SOCIAL CLASSES

• Upper class: heads of corporates and businesses
• Middle class: managers, accountants, professionals
• Working class: factory workers, low-skilled labor
• Middle class was the largest beneficiary of Industrial Rev.
• Middle and upper class men gained status

TRADE UNIONS

• Represented the industrial workers
• Stiff opposition from employers and gov't
• Forced employers to be responsive to workers' needs
• Provided guidance for members of the union