Introduction to Research Methods

Empirical Approach

Three parts of Empirical Approach

• 1) Why to observe Need for the study Hypothesis – what the researcher predicts will happen in the study 2) Whom to observe Entire population vs. sample Sample should not be biased
• 3) How and when to observe Select instruments (e.g., obtain data from surveys, interviews, direct observations)

Two Types of Experimental Studies

• 1) True experiment Variable is manipulated to observe changes on an outcome or behavior There is random assignment of participants Example: Random assignment to physical activity intervention or no intervention

Two Types of Experimental Studies

• 2) Experiment (not true) Existing groups are compared on an outcome or behavior Example: Compare rates of cardiovascular disease among individuals who exercise and those who do not

Nonexperimental Studies

• Nonexperimental studies – evaluation of a group of participants on their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors without any manipulation or comparison between groups Example: Study examining percentage of people who meet ACSM exercise guidelines

Causal-Comparative Studies

• Experimental studies are advantageous because can infer cause and effect Not always possible to do experimental studies In those cases, can do causal-comparative studies

Causal-Comparative Studies

• Causal-comparative study – researchers observe and describe a current condition and try to identify possible causes Example: Is lack of physical activity related to cardiovascular disease (good nutrition may possibly play a role too); compares people who exercise to those who do not

get started...