PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Porifera, widely known as sponges are the simplest animal form.Sponges are commonly found in the ocean although 150 species live in fresh water.They also have a system of pores and canals, through which water passes.
They have no neurons, no muscles, no reproductive organs.
Homeostasis:
The simplest sponges resemble vases or clusters of tubes with irregular shapes. Each sponge has a large central opening and hundreds of pores in the body wall. Cells lining the cavity remove and digest suspended food particles and water. Waste exits through the central opening.
Nutrition:
The majority of sponges live attached to rocks, plants, or other animals. They have pores through which they filter and consume foods. Some sponges are carnivores and capture crustaceans using their spicules.
Reproduction:
Sponges may reproduce asexually and sexually. Some sponges can be both male and female.
Sexual reproduction:
Sponges play either role. The male sponge releases a sperm into the water. Then the sperm would travel and enter a female sponge. Finally, a larva is released after fertilization, and it stick to a solid to grow up.
Asexual reproduction:
When a small piece of the sponge is broken, and it is able to survive and grow again. This is called budding.
Defense from injuries:
Sponges have dense skeletons. They have a strong structure that help them handle the high volume of water that travel through them. They can control the amount of water that flows through them. Sponges are colorful to have protection against harmful ultra violet rays from the sun.
Defense from illness:
Sponges will accept graft of its own flesh , but will reject that of another organism.They distinguish self and non-self.
Cnidarians are also know as jellyfishes. They are aquatic organisms. Radial symmetry. No central nervous system, or head- instead a nerve net. No circulatory system, Heart or blood. Tentacles. Usually no skeletal material.
Homeostasis:
Cnidarians have a Gastrovascular System, which means that they eat, and excrete through the same opening.
Nutrition:
Cnidarians are 95% water. They eat small planktonic animals that they catch with their tentacles. They have to wait for their prey to blunder into the tentacles.
Reproduction
In asexually reproduction, new individuals grow from a tissue that is budded off from a parent. Also, a parent can divide to form 2 new individuals.
During sexual reproduction a larva known as a planula, develops from a zygote. The planula settles in a location and grown into the adult polyp, that reproduces asexually to form medusae. Each medusa develops gonads and forms gametes. Which allow it to reproduce sexually.
Defense from injuries:
Cnidarians have nematocysts that feed, and Protect them. When a predator touches the Cnidarian's nerve net , the trigger cells are activated. Then the nematocysts injects a toxin into the predator that can be fatal, or getting stung just results in a burn.
Defense from illness:
a coral has the ability to fight both primary and opportunistic infections, through adaptive-like mechanisms, may play a very important role in the corals' ability to fight future diseases and infections. On simpler terms, coral can reject foregin tissue, fuse with others to survive, and help injured polyps recover over time.
PLATYHERMINTHES known as flatworms are:
Bilateral symmetry. Soft bodied, no skeleton. Simple nervous system with rudimentary brain. Some have ocelli that are simple eyes that detect the direction of the dark and light. No internal body cavity. Mouth but not anus. No circulatory or respiratory system.
Homeostasis:
Flatworms maintain homeostasis through their hydroskeleton. Also, they have 3 layer that help them to no fall apart, (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). They diffuse oxygen to breath.
Nutrition
Parasitic flatworms feed on blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells inside the bodies of their hosts. Some of these animals have a pharynx that pumps food into a pair of dead-end intestinal sacs where the food is digested.
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction: fission, organism spits in two.
Sexual reproduction: flatworms are hermaphrodites, they have both male and female reproductive organs.
Defenses against injuries:
Flatworms have an epidermis for protection. Their hydroskeleton help to held fluid under pressure.
have a special skin layer that protects them from being digested or killed off by the host’s immune system. Some flatworms use a kind of camouflage to avoid being recognized as an intruder.
Annelida are also known as segmented worms. They are vermiform( worm-like). The body is separated. Hydrostatic skeleton. Have blood, simple circulatory system, and blood vessels and a heart.
Homeostasis:
Segmented worms have a closed circulatory system where blood remains inside vessels; and nutrients, oxygen, and wastes diffuse in and out.
Nutrition
Annelids have a mouth, and an anus. So, they can maintain a balance of water and nutrients. The process of nutrition starts in the mouth, then it goes to the esophagus. Next, food goes to a crop where food is stored. Then, the gizzard which grinds the food up. Next, to the intestines to remove the nutrients. Finally, the food goes to the anus to be removed.
Reproduction:
Reproduction is sexual or asexual. Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation, budding, or fission. Among sexually reproducing annelids hermaphrodites are common, but most species have separate sexes. Fertilized eggs of marine annelids usually develop into free-swimming larvae. Land Annelida resembles smaller version of their adult form.
Annelida defense:
Annelida have the ability of regrow body segments. This allows for the animal to survive longer and protect itself from predators. The life of a basic annelida, in a nut shell, is find a home, get food, and hide from predators.
-Nereis
- Leech
- earthworms
Mollusks can be superficially different from each other.
They have a radula, a tongue-like organ. Body is divided into head, food, and visceral mass.
Homeostasis:
Mollusks have an internal circulatory system that has something like a double flow. One flow is based around the environment outside the shell, while the other is centralized. This balance of the blood traveling throughout the body keeps the internal conditions of the mollusk stable.
Nutrition:
The mollusks take the food into the mouth. Then, forced it into the stomach ,passes through the intestines, and out the anus.
Defenses
Land snail defenses against predators include cryptic coloration and texture; thickened shells and aperture barriers; defense mucus production including irritating smells and tastes; hiding behaviors, and rapid withdrawal or dislodging movements.
Immune system
The internal defense mechanisms of molluscs involve such cellular reactions as: phagocytosis, nodule formation, encapsulation, pearl formation, atrophy, necrosis and tissue liquefaction.
-octopus
-land snail
-chiton
Nematodes are also known as roundworms. Long thread-like bodies. Usually very small. Mouth and anus. No circulatory system.
Homeostasis
Nematodes don't have a circulatory system, therefore gas exchange and excretion are by diffusion. They also have a cuticle.
Nutrition:
Food enters through the mouth, then it goes to the intestines where the nutrients are absorbed. Finally, to the anus to excrete wastes.
Reproduction:
Sexual reproduction, sexes separate, no asexual reproduction. Males are usually smaller than the females, the females of some species can deposit over 100,000 eggs per day.
Defense
Nematodes can undergo dormancy which means that physical activities come to a stop.
Immune system
Nematodes have a cuticle which help them defend from the environment.
Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin.. Segmented bodies, but not externally. Jointed appendages.
Homeostasis
Gas exchange happens through gills, trachea.
Nitrogenous excretion through gills or Malpighian tubules.
Nutrition
Food enters through the mouth. Then, it goes to the stomach where food is broken down by acids. Next, the intestine takes energy from the food. Finally, the wastes are excreted through the anus.
Reproduction
In arthropods, sperm are commonly transferred to the female within sealed packets known as spermatophores.
Defenses
Arthropods have an skeleton made of chitin, a very hard material that protects them against predators.
Immune system
Arthropods take invaders out through phagocytosis or encapsulation.
- Butterfly
- Spider
- Cockroach
Echinoderms have a radial symmetry. They have a water vascular system. They have a endoskeleton made of cancerous ossicle. No brain, no heart, and no eyes. Found in the sea.
Homeostasis
Echinoderms are cold blooded therefore they have to be in warms places. Water vascular system that distribute gasses and nutrients. Coeloms maintain internal temperature. They have 2 stomachs.
Nutrition
The cardiac stomach eat the food. Then, the pyloric stomach digests the food. Next, more digestion in the intestine. Finally, waste is excrete through the anus.
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction in echinoderms usually involves the division of the body into two or more parts and the regeneration of missing body parts.
In sexual reproduction, a spermatozoa fertilizes an egg.
Defenses
Echinoderms usually have a firm skeleton. Some of them have spines. Poisonous organs that can cause pain to humans. Others expels a sticky mass of white threads from the anus that distracts predator.
Immune system
Echinoderms have coelomocytes that responds through phagocytosis, encapsulations, cytotoxicity, and the production of anti microbial agents.
-Sea stars
- Sea urchin
- Sand dollars
Humans are in the Chordata phyla. They have a notochord, A pharyngeal clefts, A dorsal nerve chord, and a post anal tail.
Homeostasis
Chordates Maintain the balance of the nutrients and gases by their constant blood flow in the closed circulatory system.
Nutrition
First, food enters through the mouth. Then, it goes through the pharynx. Next, through the esophagus. After that, food goes to the stomach to be digested. Then, the small intestine absorbs and digests food. Los, the large intestine extracts salt and water from solid waste. Finally the wastes go out through the anus.
Reproduction
Chordate have sexual reproduction through which a sperm fertilizes an egg. Tunicates have asexual reproduction.
Defense
Chordates developed a spine chord which helps the organism to react to its environment quickly.
Defense against illnesses
Chordates have an immune system which defends the organism against parasites, or bacterias that can be lethal for the organism.
