Latin adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives

adjective types

1st type of adjectives

• 1/2 declension adjectives 
• have endings a, um
• ex. tardus, a, um (slow)
• ex. laetus, a, um (happy)
• ex. strenuus, a, um (active)

2nd type OF ADJECTIVES

• 3rd declension adjectives
• have endings is, is, e
• ex. suavis, is, e (sweet)
• ex. omnis, is, e (all)
• brevis, is, e (short)

adjective degree

adjective degrees

• Positive degree - dictionary entry "beautiful"
• Comparative Degree - "more beautiful"
• Superlative Degree - "most beautiful"

How to form each degree

Forming positive degree

• Take the dictionary entry of the word
• Then you can conjugate it as a normal Latin adjective
• Translation: what you find in the latin dictionary 
• ex. laetus (happy) (type 1/2)
• ex. brevis (short) (type 3)

Forming comparative degree

• Make your stem of your adjective (-us) 
• ex) "laetus" would turn into "laet-"
• Add "ior" to end of stem, and add 3rd dec. endings on after
• ex) "laetior, laetioris"
• translation: more ______, rather ______, ______er

superlative degree*

• Create the stem of your adjective
• ex) "laetus" turns into "laet-"
• Add "issimus, a, um" (1/2 endings)
• ex) "laetissimus, a, um"
• translation: most ____, very___, ___est

there are a few exceptions

superlative degree exceptions

• if the stem of the word ends in "r"
• then you add "errimus, a, um" instead
• if the stem of the word ends in "L"
• then you add "illimus, a, um" instead

There are some irregular

Irregular comparative adjectives

• bonus, a, um (good)
• malus, a, um (bad)
• magnus, a, um (big, great)
• parvus, a, um (small)
• multus, a, um (much/many)

bonus, a, um

• positive degree - bonus, a, um (good)
• comparative degree - melior, melius (better)
• superlative degree - optimus, a, um (best)

malus, a, um

• positive degree - malus, a, um (bad)
• comparative degree - perior, peius (worse)
• superlative degree - pessimus, a, um (worst)

magnus, a, um

• positive degree - magnus, a, um (big, great)
• comparative degree - maior, maius (bigger)
• superlative degree - maximus, a, um (greatest)

parvus, a, um

• positive degree - parvus, a, um (small)
• comparative degree - minor, minus (smaller)
• superlative degree - minimus, a, um (smallest)

multus, a, um (sg)

• positive degree - multus, a, um (much)
• comparative degree - *plus (more)
• superlative degree - plurimus, a, um (most much)

multi, ae, a (sg)

• positive degree - multi, ae, a (many)
• comparative degree - *plures (more)
• superlative degree - plurimi, ae, a (most much)

adverbs

these NEXT 2 forms

1st type of adverbs

• 1/2 declension
• Make the root "laetus" becomes "laet-"
• Add "e"
• "laete" (happily)

2nd type of adverb

• 3rd declension
• Make the root "brevis" becomes "brev-"
• Add "iter"
• "breviter" (briefly)

Comparative degree

• Take the stem and add "ius"
• ex) "laetius" (more happily)
• ex) "brevius" (more briefly)
• translation: more ____ly

Superlative degree

• Take the stem and add "issime"
• ex) laetissime "most happily"
• translation: most ______ly