GERUND

HOW TO FORM IT

• Use present active infinitive base
• Plus 'nd' and case endings
• Translates as an -ing word

GERUND RULES

• All neuter
• No nominative case or plural form

Gerund Examples
1. ad proficiscendum
2. bellandi
3. Concedendum

RELATIVE CLAUSE

• Introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs
• Independent clause modified by a subordinate clause
• Two types: purpose and characteristic

Relative Clause Examples
1. Quarum unambiguous involuntary Belgae
2. Qui ipsorum lingua Celtae
3. Quam Gallos obitinere dictum est

HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE

HORT. SUBJ.

• Usually in present tense
• Usually 1st person plural
• No introductory word or phrase
• No ut or ne
• Imperative mood

Hort. Subj. Examples
1. Veniamus! (Let's come!)
2. Exiamus (Let us go out)
3. Ne illum scelestum sequamur (Let us not follow that bad man)