Leaders of the Reformation

Martin Luther

Martin Luther

• Criticized Indulgences
• Faith Alone for Salvation
• Posted 95 Theses
• Encouraged the nobility of Germany to separate

German Princes

• Northern German provinces
• Created alliances to support the Reformation
• Wanted more independence from the Pope and Emperor

John Calvin

John Calvin

• Geneva, Switzerland
• Predestination
• Theocracy
• Faith is revealed through religious work ethic

King Henry VIII

King Henry VIII

• Wanted divorce after no male heirs
• Rejected authority of the Pope
• Became head of the Church of England
• Took Catholic lands and demolished monasteries

Queen Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth I

• Put former Queen Mary, a Catholic, to death
• Head of the Anglican Church
• After Mary was religiously tolerant

Reformation in France

• French Protestants - Huegonots
• Civil War in France killed 2 to 4 million people
• Edict of Nantes - granted religious freedom
• Later revoked by Louis XIV

Peace of Augsburg

Catholic or Counter Reformation

• Jesuits
• Council of Trent
• Protected 7 Sacraments and Role of Clergy
• Inquisition - trials used to enforce Catholicism

Spanish Inquisition

30 Years War 1618-1648

• Started between German Provinces and HRE
• Soon became a war about politics more than religion
• Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII wanted power over the Hapsburgs
• Ended with Peace of Westphalia - protected religious freedom

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

• Religious freedom/pluralism
• Growing literacy
• Individualism
• Secularism