We looked at this last year - remember the infographic showing the differences in attitude - how many can you remember?

How might these differences translate into views of crime & deviance?

Here we are talking about 'realists' - they are focused on finding a way to 'solve' crime. As perspectives they are attempting to influence social policy in ways which reflect their views on why crime happens and how to solve it.

Right Realism came first, Left Realism is a response to the ideas of Right Realism.

Wilson 1975 - gains outweigh the risks: Zero tolerance approach - Giuliani NY

Wilson & Kelling 1982- Broken Windows
Improving social conditions won't work, take resources away.

Wilson & Herrnstein 1985 - biological predisposition, need the 'right' socialisation

Murray - impact of welfare-dependent single parents. Criticised by Mooney - single mothers more likely to be victims than others.

Links to environmental approaches and 'tipping'

Murray 1997 - higher risk of going to prison = lower crime rate

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/388758.stm

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/05/message-you-rudy-giuliani

http://www.salon.com/2011/11/19/what_really_cleaned_up_new_york/

Cost/benefit analysis for criminal behaviour

Harsh punishments should therefore prevent crime - what do you think? Can you work out any criticisms of this view?

Neighbourhood watch
CCTV
Target hardening

criminals are not biologically different
Zero Tolerance = rise in prison population (3 strikes rule)
Jones 1998 - investment DOES make a difference

Although also left-wing, they disagree with the focus of Marxist writing as it focuses too much on capitalism and not enough on the reality of crime.

Crime is:
- not just white-collar
- rising
- significant if it happens to you
- an influencing factor on how we live

Relative deprivation = major factor causing crime. This argument works for all classes. Consumer culture makes this worse.

Criminal subcultures = result of and combatting relative deprivation.

The marginalised could turn to violence to solve the inequality (August riots?)

Policing policies should change to reflect greater communication between the public and the police.

Democratically elected police authorities - consensus policing

Increase investigation into crime (only 29% of crimes detected England & Wales)

public (informal) control
state (formal) control
victim
offendor

all four elements must work together to reduce crime

Tony Blair - 'tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime'

Hughes 1991 - if relative deprivation were main cause - there'd be more!
Kinsey, Lea & Young - didn't collect enough data, focused on property crime