MACROMOLECULES

PROTEINS

GENERAL INFO ON PROTEINS

• Proteins can be big or small.
• Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
• They exist alone or as part of a multi-unit structure, and change shape frequently or remain virtually immobile.
• Proteins serve a variety of functions within cells.
• Some are involved in structural support and movement, others in enzymatic activity.

STRUCTURE

• The proteins are polymers.
• They are made up of amino acids covalently linked into a chain.
• There are 20 different amino acids that. Make up all the proteins on earth.
• Structural features of proteins are usually described at four levels of complexity.
• It consists of a carbon atom linked to an amino and a carboxyl group as well as a side chain.

FUNCTION

• Protein is the most abundant substance in the human body.
• It is a major source of energy.
• Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body.
• Proteins are also used to store and transport certain molecules.
• Proteins form antibodies to prevent infection, illness, and disease.

LIPIDS

GENERAL INFO ON LIPIDS

• Examples of a lipid would be wax, oil, cholesterol, and phospholipids.
• All lipids are hydrophobic.
• Fats and oils are made up of a triglyceride .
• A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids and and a glycerol.

STRUCTURE

• The structure of A lipid determines their function.
• Lipids contain large regions composed of mostly hydrogen and carbon.
• These regions are nonpolar and make lipids insoluble in water.

FUNCTION

• Lipids serve a large variety of functions.
• Some store energy, and some form waterproof coverings on plants an animals.
• Other lipids make up the structure of the cell membrane.
• Another kind of lipid acts As a hormone.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

GENERAL INFO

• Nucleic acids were first discovered in 1871 by Friedrich Miescher.
• Nucleic acids are found in every living thing.
• The most common Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

STRUCTURE

• Nucleotides are the building blocks of all Nucleic acids.
• They have two distinctive ends: the 5' and the 3' ends.
• The nucleotides that make up Nucleic acids have many components.
• It consists of three things: a nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.

FUNCTIONS

• Nucleic acids are the molecules that code the genetic information of organisms
• DNA and RNA are used in repair, protein synthesis, and reproduction.
• RNA is also used to direct the production of proteins by the cell.
• They are responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic material.

CARBOHYDRATES

GENERAL INFO

• They are the main source of energy for most people in the world in form of grains.
• An adequate supply of carbohydrates spares proteins from being broken down for energy.
• The liver can also produce carbohydrates by converting amino acids.

STRUCTURE

• They are made up of monosaccharides.
• They consist of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen.

FUNCTION

• Store and transport energy and structural components.