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The MANHATTAN Project
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Published on Nov 21, 2015
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1.
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
BY EMMA KOORY
Photo by
Werner Kunz
2.
SUMMARY
The Manhattan Project was a research and development project.
It was started in the late 1930s in response to WWII.
The project produced the first atomic bombs.
By June 1944, the Manhattan Project employed some 129,000 workers.
Photo by
Stuck in Customs
3.
LINCHPIN
In August 1939, the U.S. received the Einstein-Szilárd letter.
This letter warned of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type".
It advised the U.S. to stockpile uranium ore.
They advised the funding of Enrico Fermi.
He researched nuclear reactions.
4.
LOCATION
The Manhattan Project's headquarters was in Manhattan initially (obviously).
It was moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee only a year after the project commenced.
Most of the development occurred in Los Alamos, NM and Oak Ridge.
The Los Alamos National Laboratory designed the actual bombs.
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glenedenshadow
5.
Untitled Slide
6.
GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
The project was kicked into gear after Pearl Harbor.
The War Production Board got actively involved.
President Roosevelt personally signed off on many of the documents.
The Tennessee Valley Authority was crucial in bringing power to the Oak Ridge plant.
Donald Nelson, president of the WPB, gave the project a high priority rating.
Photo by
vgm8383
7.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Roosevelt and Churchill initially agreed to work on development together.
This didn't last because England payed none of the costs while still making demands.
Many British scientists still helped with development, like James Chadwick and Niels Bohr.
Prominent German physicists like Albert Einstein, Leó Szilárd, and Eugene Wigner were vital.
Photo by
wili_hybrid
8.
BLUEPRINTS
J. Robert Oppenheimer from Berkeley was the head design researcher.
Researched fast neutron calculations - the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation.
Brought together a team of genius physicists.
They deduced that an atomic bomb was possible using uranium and newly discovered plutonium.
9.
Untitled Slide
10.
URANIUM
Uranium is crucial to building of the atomic bomb.
Thousands of tons of uranium ore were mined or imported during The Manhattan Project.
Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis turned the raw ore into highly pure uranium dioxide.
Natural uranium consists mostly of a stable isotope with only a very small amount of the reactive isotope.
The reactive isotope was then separated from the stable isotope to produce the uranium used in the bomb.
11.
PLUTONIUM
Plutonium was also used to make atomic bombs.
It is found in small amounts in nature.
However to obtain big amounts of it, it is made synthetically.
It is made in a nuclear reactor by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
The plutonium is then separated from the uranium.
12.
Untitled Slide
13.
TRINITY TEST
Physicists deduced that an unpredictable bomb like an atomic bomb would need to be tested.
This test was codenamed "Trinity".
The bomb was dropped near Alamogordo Army Airfield in New Mexico.
The shock wave extended 100 miles and the mushroom cloud climbed 7.5 miles high.
It was heard as far away as El Paso, Texas.
14.
HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
Hiroshima: Uranium based bomb
Blast equal to 13 kilotons of TNT
69% infrastructure destroyed, 7% damaged
80,000 people immediately dead, 70,000 injured
Only 20,000 of the dead were Japanese soldiers
15.
HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
Nagasaki: Plutonium based bomb
Blast equal to 21 kilotons of TNT
44% infrastracture destroyed
40,000 killed immediately, 60,000 injured
Only 150 of the dead were Japanese soldiers
16.
THE WAR IS OVER
ALL OF THE LEADERS OF THE MANHATTAN PROJECT RECEIVE THE ARMY-NAVY "E" AWARD
Emma Koory
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