Approaches
Published on May 14, 2019
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Approaches
Psychodynamic approach
Structure of the mind
id, superego, ego
id - contains the libido (sex drive)
operates according to the pleasure principle
Psychosexual stages - personality development
each stage is driven by the need to express sexual energy
Photo by Peter O'Connor aka anemoneprojectors
Anal stage (2-3 years)
Photo by HorsePunchKid
Phallic stage (3-6 years)
Photo by Charles 🇵ðŸ‡
Strength: scientific support for psychoanalytic approach
Fisher and Greenberg, psychoanalysis tests support unconscious motivation and defence mechanisms
Photo by One From RM
Strength: Pioneering approach
demonstrated psychological rather than biological treatments for depression and anxiety
Photo by Stefano Pollio
Strength: Theory is comprehensive
Has therapeutic applications, explains normal and abnormal behaviour
Photo by Fifi LePew
Limitation: psychoanalysis is a gender biased approach
views of woman were less developed than the male sexuality
Photo by jonathan mcintosh
Psychoanalysis is a culture biased approach
Sue and Sue - little relevance for people from non-western cultures
Photo by enigmabadger
Each level must be fulfilled to move on
- Self actualisation
- Esteem
- Love/Belonging
- Safety
- Physiological
Photo by wilgengebroed
The self
how we perceive ourselves, the 'ideal self', what we aspire to be
Congruence
similarity between ideal self and self image => self worth
Conditions of worth
requirements we are expected to meet. Failure = incongruence
Strength: hierarchy is linked to economic development
Hagerty - relationship between Maslow's need levels and economic growth
Photo by Elbereth Elflein
Strength: research support for conditions of worth
Hater et al. conditional positive regard to teenagers - more depressed
Photo by Sydney Sims
Limitation: Humanistic research methods
Scientific evaluation is difficult, hard to establish cause and effect
Limitation: humanistic approach is unrealistic
Doesn't acknowledge self-destructive behaviour
Photo by kgregson
Limitation: cultural differences in the hierarchy of needs
Europeans focus on personal identity. Asians focus on minecraftself-concept
Photo by colmmcsky
Operant conditioning
reinforcement, punishment, behaviour => desirable consequence = repeated behaviour
Photo by Olav Tvedt
Pavlov (1927) - classical conditioning
trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a buzzer
Photo by WilliamMarlow
Skinner (1938) - operant conditioning
skinners box, trained rats to associate pushing leaver resulting in reward
Photo by PKMousie
Strength: systematic desensitisation is effective
classical conditioning based therapy, counter conditioning, replace fear with relaxation
Photo by shareski
Strength: Cause and effect can be established (Skinner)
highly controlled experiment, manipulated the consequence of the behaviour
Photo by chuttersnap
Limitation: Classically conditioned associations cannot be achieved with equal ease
animals learn for survival, therefore slower to learn other associations, challenges that NS can be associated with any UCS
Photo by Thanh Tran
Limitation: Limited applicability of animal research to human behaviour
rats don't represent a human's free will. But Skinner argues free will is an illusion
Photo by yoghaert
Limitation: A limited perspective on behaviour
behaviour being a result of conditioning underplays factors such as cognitive and emotions
Photo by Rhendi Rukmana
Social Learning Theory
Learning through observing and imitating behaviours that are rewarded
Photo by r.nial.bradshaw
Modelling
individuals learns through observing another individual performing that behaviour
Photo by MarieEly
the extent to which an individual relates to a model, increases likelihood of imitation
Photo by mikecohen1872
Vicarious reinforcement
Learning that isn't a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour, but through observation
Photo by Ryan Wick
Bandura (1986) - emphasised internal, meditational processes that take place
observer must form mental representations of the modelled behaviour and consequences
Photo by barryskeates
Strength: Social learning theory has useful applications - Ulrich (2003)
observation of criminal behaviour resulting in jail lowers crime rates
Photo by Thomas Hawk
Strength: Research support for the importance of identification - Fox and Bailenson (2009)
generated 'visual' humans observed by pps, greater identification with a model led to more learning
Photo by downloadsource.fr
Limitation: A problem of causality
having deviant attitudes prior to exposure to deviant role models could explain delinquency
Photo by CreditDebitPro
Limitation: A problem of complexity
difficult to show that one particular thing is the main causal influence
Photo by tj.blackwell
Cognitive approach
'information processing', explains human cognition using computer metahpors
Photo by flickrPrince
Cognitive approach
relating to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning
Photo by illuminaut
Schema - cognitive framework
helps organise and interpret information, allow us to take shortcuts. May lead us to ignore information
Photo by quinn.anya
Theoretical models - E.g. WMM
are simplified, often diagrammatic representations, of a cognitive process
Computer models - represent cognitive processes
e.g. long-term memory = hard drive. working memory = RAM
Cognitive neuroscience
development of PET and fMRI enable cognitive neuroscience to improve understanding of the brain
Strength: The cognitive approach has many useful applications
explains dysfunctional behaviour and improves treatments for illnesses such as depression
Strength: The cognitive approach is scientific
conclusions are based on rigorous scientific methods and experimentation
Limitation: Rigidity of computer models
computers don't make mistakes, ignore available information or forget anything. Humans do all of this.
Limitation: Ignores emotion and motivation
the approach tells us how different processes take place but not why they do
Limitation: Laboratory studies lack ecological validity
the research fails to generalise to other settings e.g. tasks such as remembering random word lists
