The one who Refused to accept Defeat

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The Roman Question

Pope Pius IX

Victor Emmanuel II 

Raffaele Cadorna Septemrber 10th 

The French Garrison/ Napoleon III

What led to the battle

• Rome and the Papal States refused to join the unification.
• The French Garrison leaving Rome
• Cadorna believing the government would back him up if he attacked Rome.
• The simple fact that the Italian Army severely outnumbered Rome's army

The Beatdown/Capture of Rome September 20, 1970

How did the loss impact Rome, the Papal States, and Italy?

The Next 60 years

Law of Guarantees

• "A name given to the law passed by the senate and chamber of the Italian parliament, 13 May, 1871, concerning the prerogatives of the Holy See, and the relations between State and Church in the Kingdom of Italy"
• The Catholic Encyclopedia

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• http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Rom...

Click to Edit

• http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg...

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14257a.htm

• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14257a.htm
• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07048a.htm