VOCAB

1. proletariat

• workers or working- class people, regarded collectively.
• the lowest class of citizens in ancient rome

2. bolsheviks

• member of the majority faction of the russian social democratic party, which was renamed the communist party after seizing power in october revolution of 1917.
• a revolutionary

3. Vladimir Lenin

• the architect of russia's 1917 bolshevik revolution
• the first leader of the union of soviet socialists republics

4. Rasputin

• a russian peasant, a mystical faith healer, and a traveler
• was trusted by the family of Nicholas ll
• best friends with czarina alexandra
• helped heal Nicholas ll and alexandra's son

5. Provisional Gov.

• an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition.
• workers and soldiers were against the provisional gov. that resulted in a temporary decline of bolshevik influence.

6. soviet

• of or concerning the former soviet union
• workers and peasants which started organizing in cities and villages in the early twentieth century in close cooperation with russian communists organizations

7. communist party

• a political party that advocates the application of the social and economic principles of communism through state policy.
• the name originates from the 1848btract manifesto of the communist party by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

8. Joseph Stalin

• a russia leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the communist party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition.
• under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower.

9. totalitarianism

• a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
• gives power to the government, military and the political parties.

10. Great purge

• a campaign of political repression in the soviet union which occurred from 1936 to 1938
• it enabled Stalin to totally control the party, as it even consumed the first wave of persecutors.

11. command economy

• an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.
• a key feature of any communist society.

12. Five-year plan

• a government plan for economic development over five years.
• the first such plan in the soviet union was inaugurated in 1928.

13. collective farm

• a jointly operated amalgamation of several small farms, especially one owned by the government.
• in socialist or communist countries such as former soviet union, a collective is a cooperative association of farmers who work land owned by the state but who own most of their own farm implements.

14. Albert Einstein

• physicist born in germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity
• E = mc2

15. theory of relativity

• a theory formulated by Albert Einstein, that all motion must be defined relative to a frame of reference and that space and time are relative.
• determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers.

16. sigmund freud

• an austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
• emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree then people suspect.

17. existentialism

• a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
• emphasizes action, freedom, and decision.

18. Friedrich Nietzche

• a german philosopher, culture critic, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on western philosophy and modern intellectual history.
• one of the first philosophers to focus extensively on the self instead of on the collective.

19. surrealism

• a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.
• the aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality."

20. jazz

• a style of music
• in sense of that was a blending of cultures.
• thought to be an art creation of the american blacks during the early decades of the twentieth century.

21. Charles Lindbergh

• Made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

22. Coalition government

• a cabinet of parliamentary government in which several political parties cooperate, reducing dominance of any one within that coalition.
• the usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament.

23. weimar republic

• democratic government founded in germany following kaiser wilhelm ll's abdication near the end of World War 1.
• by late 1933 weimar democracy had given way to Nazi totalitarianism.

24. Great Depression

• a long and severe recession in an economy or market
• the financial and industrial slump of 1929 and subsequent years.

25. franklin d. roosevelt

• 32nd president of the united states.
• instituted new deal to counter the great depression and led country during World War ll.

26. new deal

• a group of government programs and policies established under president franklin D. roosevelt in the 1930's.
• the New Deal was designed to improve conditions for persons suffering in the Great Depression

27. fascism

• an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.
• a form of socialism.
• resembles communism.

28. Benito Mussolini

• the first fascist prime minister of Italy, with dictatorial powers, from 1922 until he was overthrown in 1943.
• in May 1938, Mussolini promised to fight alongside Adolf Hitler in any war against the democracies of the world.

29. Adolf Hitler

• German nazi dictator during World War ll.
• One of the most powerful and infamous dictators of the 20th century. after World War 1, he rose to power in the National Socialist German Workers Party, taking control of the German government in 1933.

30. Nazism

• the political principles of the National Socialist German Workers Party.
• extreme racist or authoritarian views or behavior.

31. lebensraum

• the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany.
• a policy of the Nazis during WWll to conquer territory in Europe for German use.

32. Mein Kampf

• autobiographical book by nazi party leader Adolf Hitler.
• outlines Hitlers political ideology and future plans for Germany.
• became the bible of National Socialism (Nazism).