HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

HISTORY OF MANKIND

Homo Habills were the first species that were part of the Homo group. They had larger brains than the other species that had evolved earlier. Their faces were small and even though they were a bit more developed they still had ape­like features. Homo Habills were named “handy men” in 1964 because they were the first ones to make stone tools. This species lived approximately 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago. They were discovered in 1960 in Eastern and Southern Africa.

Homo Rudolfensis were the next evolved ones. This species could do everything that the Homo Habills had done and had different brain sizes which were 775 cubic centimeter. They were discovered in 1986 in Eastern Africa. They lived from about 1.9 million to 1.8 million years ago.

Homo erectus were the oldest species to be like modern humans. They lived on the ground, but knew how to climb up trees and how to adapt to any kind of weather without getting sick. They had similar characteristics like modern humans but their brain wasn't developed as much as modern humans. They lived in northern and southern Africa. They lived from about 1.89 million adn 143000 years ago. They year that they discovered these species was about 1891.

Homo Sapiens are the modern humans, which is us. Homo Sapiens evolved in Africa. At the beginning they hunted food and even started to communicate with each other, they also knew how to survive in the wild. If any other species tried to kill them they would be ready with their tools. Homo Sapiens lived 200000 years ago to where we are now... the present. We have large brains that are 1300 cubic centimeters. Remember our brain is still developing...

urban and rural

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL ENVIRONMENTS:
All countries today show the major division between rural and urban environments; each with their distinctive ways of life. The process of urbanisation (example: becoming more urban) is now affecting all parts of the world. As a result , rural areas are becoming less populated. They are being 'eroded' by the spread of urban areas. Overall, the words urban populated is growing more rapidly than the rural population.

THE NATURE OF URBANISATION:
Urbanisation is the growth of towns and cities which leads to an increasing percentage of a country's population living in urban settlements is called urbanisation. Urban settlements (towns and cities) differ from rural ones such as villages and Hamlets.

All About HUMAN DEVelopment

• Human Development is based on expanding the richness and well being of human life.
• Human development is not focused around the wealth of the Economy in which people live.
• It is an approach that is centered around people , their opportunities and their choices.
• The concept of Human Development was founded 25 years ago.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1.People
2.Opportunities
3.Choices

PEOPLE

Human development focuses on improving the lives people lead rather than assuming that economic growth will lead, automatically, to greater wellbeing for all. Income growth is seen as a means to development, rather than an end in itself.

OPPORTUNITIES

Human development is about giving people more freedom to live lives they value. In effect this means developing people’s abilities and giving them a chance to use them. For example, educating a girl would build her skills, but it is of little use if she is denied access to jobs, or does not have the right skills for the local labor market.

Three foundations for human development are to live a long, healthy and creative life, to be knowledgeable, and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. Many other things are important too, especially in helping to create the right conditions for human development. Once the basics of human development are achieved, they open up opportunities for progress in other aspects of life.

CHOICES

Human development is, fundamentally, about more choice. It is about providing people with opportunities, not insisting that they make use of them. No one can guarantee human happiness, and the choices people make are their own concern. The process of development – human development - should at least create an environment for people, individually and collectively, to develop to their full potential and to have a reasonable chance of leading productive and creative lives that they value.

economy

WHAT IS AN ECONOMY?

It is an entire network of producers, distributors, and consumers of goods and services in a local, regional, or national community.

Low Income Countries (LIC)

What Are Lic?

• The usual definition of a developing country is that adopted by the World Bank: “low-income developing countries” in 1985 were defined as those with per capital incomes below $400; “middle-income developing countries” were defined as those with per capital incomes between $400 and $4,000. To be sure, countries with the same per capital income may not otherwise resemble one...

AFGHANISTAN (LIC)

Afghanistan's economy

• ­Afghanistan's economy is still recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved somewhat since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001, because the agriculture is going well.
• ­Besides the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked and highly depended on foreign aid.

Afghanistan's economy

• ­Most of the population suffers from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care and jobs.
• ­Criminality, insecurity, weak governance, lack of support and the Afghan's governance difficulty in spreading rule of law to all parts of the country puts challenge to future economic growth.

Afghanistan's economy

• ­Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world.
• ­Their growth rate slowed notably in 2013
• ­Population: 32 904 171 GDP per capita Last Previous Highest Lowest 413.43 415.00 417.06 54.36

Afghanistan's economy

• ­Average Salary: Afghan workers get $426 a year It increased, it used to be $70
• ­Afghanistan has the third lowest minimum wage rate in the world right now.
• ­Population below poverty line: 36%
• ­­Labor Force: 7.512 million
• ­Labor force by occupation: Agriculture: 78.5 % Industry: 5.7 % Services: 15.7 %

High Income Countries (HIC)

What are HIC?

• high-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a gross national income per capita above US$12,735 in 2014, calculated using the Atlas method

ENGLAND (HIC)

England's Economy

• ­Third largest economy
• ­Agriculture is high and efficient by European Standards, producing over 60% of food needs with 2% of the labor force.
• ­UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources; but they are reclining.
• ­

England's economy

• ­Manufacturing has declined in importance, but is still about 10 % of economic output.
• ­After recession (general slowdown in economic activity) in 1992, the economy was the longest period of expansion recorded, during which time growth out spaced most of Western Europe.
• ­After recession (general slowdown in economic activity) in 1992, the economy was the longest period of expansion recorded, during which time growth out spaced most of Western Europe.
• ­In 2008 the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard; falling prices, high consumer debt, the global economic slowdown connected UK's economic problems. Pushing the economy into Bankruptcy, causing labor government to put measures to encourage the economy and to stabilize financial problems by cutting taxes.

england's economy

• Population below poverty line: 16.2 % Labor force: 30.15 million Unemployment rate: 7.2 % Unemployment youth ages 15-­24:Total: 21% Male: 23.8 % Female: 17.9 % U.K population: 63 900 522 U.K average salary per year: $26.552

Globalisation

What is globalisation?

• Globalisation is an ongoing process that is linking people, neighborhoods, cities, regions and countries much more closely together than they have ever been before. This has resulted in our lives being intertwined with people in all parts of the world via the food we eat, the clothing we wear, the music we listen to, the information we get and the ideas we hold.

ASPECTS OF GLOBALISATION:
1. Trade
2. Population
3.Origin
4.Technology
5.Culture

EXAMPLES:
The man’s business suit, with coloured tie and buttonedshirt, has become “universal” in the sense that it is worn just about everywhere, or Live sports programs continue to draw some of the largest global audiences, because the media tells everyone for example that football is the greatest sport so people start to get influenced with the choice which the media has chosed for which they think will make the most money. Food, is another huge impact in culture in globalisation. Food is the oldest global carrier of culture.In fact, food has always been a driving force for globalisation, especially during earlier phases of European trade and colonial expansion. The hot red pepper was introduced to the Spanish court by Christopher Columbus in 1493. It spread rapidly throughout the colonial world, transforming cuisines and farming practices in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East .

India's Food:
For a nation that is particular about its food and significantly fond of home cooked and fresh food, this trend is showing the globalisation of India and increase of new markets not witnessed in India in before.
As a result of the trend, all the international food players like Pizza Hut, Dominos, McDonalds and KFC are investing huge amount of money to grab a share of this highly lucrative market.

Points of reference

• United Nations Development Program
• Study.com
• Geography book
• OurBrains.com