Era 5 Vocabulary

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Established the multi-tiered federal court system
• Set the number of Supreme Court justices at 6 created the office
• Created the office of the Attorney General to argue on behalf of the US

Cabinet

• A body of advisers to a head state who also serve as the heads of government parties
• Has an important element of government wherever legislative powers have been vested in parliament
• Its forms differs in various countries
• The Cabinet directs governing policies and makes decisions about national issues

National Bank

• Would be a source for expanding capital in a growing economy.
• Madison & Anti-federalists assumed that the bank is unconstitutional.

Federalists

• People who supported and proposed the Constitution
• Implied a commitment to a loose decentralized system of government.

Democratic-Republicans

• The first opposition political party in the United States
• Held power nationally from 1801-1825
• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison had sought to ensure a strong government with a central banking system
• They advocated for a smaller and more decentralized government and formed the Democratic-Republicans

Two-Party System

• A political system in which electoral votes sum up into 2 major parties in which either one can win a majority in the legislature
• This two-party system consists of the Democrats and Republicans.

Whiskey Rebellion

• Hamilton's 1791 excise tax on whiskey and angered frontier farmers
• Revolts break out in the summer of 1794 in western Pennsylvania
• Had set an example of federal law, authority, and follow-through

Washington's Farewell Address

• Warned that the forces of the geographical sectionalism, political factionalism, etc by foreign powers in the nation's domestic affair
• Washington published the address to serve as a guide to future statecraft for the American public
• Warned the people that political factions may seek to obstruct the execution of the laws created by the government

XYZ Affair

• A diplomatic incident between the French and United States diplomats
• Resulted in a limited, uncleared war known as the Quasi-War

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Alien acts: empowered the President to deport "dangerous" aliens at his discretion.
• Sedition acts: criminalized making false statements that were critical of the government
• Measures against freedom of speech

Election of 1800

• The election when Thomas Jefferson defeated federalists John Adams by 73 to 65 electoral votes
• Marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another
• Included an opposition to the tax imposed by Congress to pay for mobilization of the new army

Supreme Court

• The highest tribunal in the US for all cases and controversies
• Hear oral judgements and makes decisions on cases granted judicially
• Consist of 3 branches; judicial, legislative, and executive

John Marshall

• An american politician
• Served on the Supreme Court up till his death in 1835
• Rulings changed the way the Supreme Court worked
• Established the Supreme Court as an equal third branch of the government

Louisiana Purhcase

• Western half of the Mississippi River basin purchased in 1803 from France by the US
• Double sized the US, strengthened the country materially and strategically
• Provided a powerful force to westward expansion

Oregon Territory

• Territory that stretched from the Pacific coast to the Rocky Mountains
• Was valuable to the US and Great Britain
• Signing of the treaty in 1846 showed that the US was willing to fight westward expansion

Lewis and Clark Expedition

• A US military expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
• Created to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest

Impressment

• The act of impressing people or property into public service or use
• One of the main causes in the War of 1812
• Stopped all foreign trade

War Hawks

• A group of Republican Congressmen who demanded that the US declare war against Great Britain
• Resented American economic injuries and national humiliation during the Napoleonic Wars.
• Invaded British, Canada, and had expel Spanish from Florida

American System

• The policy of promoting industry in the U.S. by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by the federal government
• Purpose of the American System was to make the most opportunities provided by the acquisition of the new lands in the west and ensure that US money benefited US citizens
• Founded by Henry Clay

War of 1812

• A war in which the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world
• Caused by the British restrictions on US trade and America's desire to gain territory

National Road

• The first highway built entirely with federal funds
• Was built between 1811-1834 to the western settlements
• Jefferson and Washington believed that a trans-Appalachian was necessary for unifying the young country

McCulloch v. Maryland

• A case in which court decided that the second bank of the US could not be taxed
• Supreme Court held that Congress has implied powers
• The “Necessary and Proper” Clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank.

Adams- Onis Treaty

• Defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase
• Settled border disputes between the US and the State Empire
• Provided vital to the nation's secuirty

Erie Canal

• A 363-mile waterway that connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean
• Provided a direct water route from New York City to the MidWest
• Built by DeWitt Clinton

Monroe Doctrine

• A US foreign policy enunciated by President James Monroe
• Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress in December of 1823
• Warns European nations that the US would not tolerate further colonization or monarchs

Spoils System

• The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.
• Gives government jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working towards victory
• Led to the government hiring unskilled workers

Indian Removal Act

• First major legislative departure from the US policy
• Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830
• Authorized the President to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands

Trail of Tears

• An event that happened in 1838, in which 16,000 Native Americans were marched over 1,200 miles of rugged land
• Over 4,000 Indians died of disease, famine, and warfare.
• This was caused by Hernando De Soto when took his adventures to America.