Chapter 14

Imperialism

• A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
• America wanted to become a world power and this desire for power is called Imperialism
• Imperialism helped the U.S gain many lands

Protectorate

• A state that is controlled and protected by another
• Cuba (after the Spanish American War) was a protectorate of the United States

Anglo-Saxonism

• A belief in the innate superiority of the “Anglo-Saxon race.”
• Anglo-Saxonism was like the Manifest Destiny, they believed that it was their destiny to expand the U.S overseas
• Anglo-Saxonism was important because it helped the U.S gain many

Yellow Journalism

• Type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers
• Yellow Journalism was used during the Spanish American War. Yellow Journalists would exaggerate on what happened during the U.S.S Maine.

Platt Amendment

• This Amendment was a provision of the amendment Cuba came up with after the Spanish American War
• This Amendment was forced to be passed by the U.S
• This Amendment allowed U.S to look out for Cuba (Cuba was the U.S protectorate)

Foraker Act

• The Foraker Act ended military rule & set up a civil government in Puerto Rico
• President of the U.S. had the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and their Executive Council

Sphere of Influence

• The Sphere of Influence was an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development
• The Sphere of Influence first began with Russia, when they wanted to leasehold Machuria. Later other countires wanted to lease China as well

Boxer Rebellion

• This rebellion was led by the Chinese because some Chinese didn't want the other counties that leased China to change Chinese culture/traditions and customs

Open Door Policy

• President Mckinley and Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door Policy
• It said that all countries could trade with China

Roosevelt Corollary

• Europe was too involved with Latin American affairs and the U.S didn't like this. In result the Roosevelt Corollary was passed.
• It said the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere

Dollar Diplomacy

• The Dollar Diplomacy was Taft's policy.
• It helps and invest in Latin Ameria. U.S businesses benefit and Latin American poverty will rise.
• "Substituing dollars for bullets.

Guerilla

• "A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces"
• Jose Marti compiled a guerrilla to rebel against the Spanish (2nd revolution)

Chapter 15

Muckrakers

• Muckrakers were authors, photographers, novelists, protesters etc. that expose horrible things happeneing in the U.S
• An example of a Muckraker is Upton Sinclair. Sinclair exposed how meat was produced in factories in a disguusting amnner.

Direct Primary

• All party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election

Initiative

• Groups of citizens can introduce legislation = legislature required to vote on it

Referendum

• Citizens vote on proposed laws without legislature

Recall

• Voters can demand special election to remove elected official from office

Square Deal

• The Square deal of Theodore Roosevelt's reform package
• It said that "Every man has a square deal, no less no more"
• This deal looks out for the common man

Arbitration

• Arbitration is a settlement or negotiation made by an outside party
• Arbitration was used during the Coal Strike of 1902 to negotiate with the miners (didn't work however)

Upton Sinclair

• Upton Sinclair was a muckraker that initially wanted to expose the horrible working conditions of workers in factories but instead he caught people's attention of how he explained how meat was produced. His book was called "The Jungle".
• The Jungle allowed many Americans to protests and force provisions of the production of meat.

Meat Inspection Act

• This act was created by the American people due to Sinclair's "The Jungle".
• This act was created in 1906 and it required federal inspection of meat

Pure Food and Drug Act

• This act was also created by the American people due to Sinclair's "The Jungle"
• This act prohibited the sale of impure food and falsely labled foods/drugs.

Income Tax

• "A tax levied by a government directly on income, especially an annual tax on personal income"
• The 16th Amendment gave the federal government the power to tax the income of individuals directly.

Federal Reserve Act

• The US didn’t have a central bank since 1830s. During the economic depressions that hit the country periodically after that time, hundred of small banks collapsed, wiping out the life savings of many of their customers
• It set interest rates, banks had to deposit a percentage of their money into federal banks, it was a banks for banks and it buys and sells government bonds

Clayton Antitrust Act

• Wilson didn’t want the FTC to break up big business and The Sherman Antitrust act wasn’t specific enough and was weak
• The act outlawed certain practices that restricted competition. It correcte defincines in the Sherman Antitrust act. It banned price discrimination and didn’t apply to unions for labor and agriculture

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
• Created by W.E.B. DuBois. Granted full rights for African Americans and voting rights were essential till the end

Chapter 16

Militarism

• One of the main causes of WWI
• The belief of desire of a government or people that a country maintain astrong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or pormote nationa interests
• All countries fought for the strongest military and navy

Nationalism

• One of the main causes of WWI
• Loyalty and devotion to a nation especially a sese of national conciousnesses ecalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interets as oppose to those of other nations
• All countries participated because they needed to prove that they were the best

Franz Ferdinand

• He was the heir to the Austrian Throne. He was assissinated by a Serbian memeber of the "Black Hand" named Gavrilo Princip
• Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia. Their alliances got involved and created WWI

Propaganda

• Propaganda is information used to convince one's opinion on something.
• The U.S used propaganda to convince the Americans to support them in WWI
• Some topics included Food/resource rationing, Enlisting in the military, Buying gov’t bonds, War Industry Support Overall, and support for the war

Zimmerman Telegram

• One of the main reasons why the U.S went to war
• It was a letter intercepted by British agents. They told México that if they joined with the Germans, when the war was over they would help them get back land from the U.S much as Texas, New Mexico and Arizona
• This was leaked to the press and got Americans infuriated

War Industries Board

• Established in July 1917, this agency coordinated the production of war materials.
• At first, the WIB’s authority was limited, but problems with production convinced Wilson to expands its powers and appoint Bernard Baruch, a Wall Street stockbroker, to run it. The WIB told manufacturers what they could produce, allocated raw materials, ordered construction of new factories, and, in a few instances, set prices.

Armistice

• A truce or an agreement to stop fighting
• After the WWI, an armistice was signed to stop the fighting of the war officially.

Espionage

• Spying to acquire government information
• The Espionage Act of 1917 made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort.

Selective Service

• People were unhappy about the old conscription policy so government created a new one
• This was a new conscription policy. It required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft. A lottery randomly determined the order in which they were called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service.

Convoy

• Prposed by William S. Sims, they were highly maneuverable warships called destroyers would protect and escort across the Atlantic.
• convoys saved lives. If a ship was sunk, other ships in the convoy could rescue survivors. The system worked. Convoys greatly reduced shipping losses and ensured that a large number of American troops arrived safely in Europe in time to help stop Germany's last great offensive on the Western Front.

Treaty of Versailles

• Signed by Germany on June 28, 1919, included many terms designed t punish and weaken Germany
• Germany's armed forces were greatly reduced, it wasn't allow to put troops west of the Rhine river, they blamed Germany for being an "aggressor", demanded that Germany pay reparations and in general make Germany's economy weak

Fourteen Points

• Based on "the principle of justice to all people and nationalities."
• In the first 5 points, Wilson proposed to eliminate the causes of the war through free trade, freedom of the seas, disarmament and an impartial adjustment of colonial claims nd open diplomacy instead of secret agreements. Next eight based on nation self-determination. The last point was the most important to Wilson. It called for the creation of a "general association of nation" later called as the League of Nations.

League of Nations

• It was the 14th point on the Fourteen Points peace policy.
• It was the most important to Wilson. It would help preserve peace by pledging to respet and protect each other's terrutiry ad political independence.
• It was so important to Wilson that he would be willing to give up the other points in exchange for this one.

Red Scare

• Communists were conspiring to start a revolution in America. American has long been suspicious of communist ideas. The Soviet establishment of the Communist International in 1919- an organization for coorsinating Communist parties appeared to e futher proof of a growing threat
• The Red Scare was a nationwide panic. people were scared of communists.

J. Edgar Hoover

• Headed the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
• He was the first ever director of the FBI

Khola Aziz