Chapter 1 & 2

American Issues Connector:
Global Interdependence

1.1 "The American Indians"

• ice age − period in Earth’s history with low global temperatures and glaciers covering large areas migrate − to travel Mayas − ancient people of Mexico who lived along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast
• Aztecs − ancient people of Mexico who lived in the central highlands adobe − sun-dried brick made from earth, water, and straw Iroquois League − loose confederation made up of five Iroquois peoples: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas

Beringia...or boats?

• People either walked across the land bridge during the Ice Age or came over by canoe.
• Agriculture + People = Complex Civilizations
• Cultures develop all over the Americas.
• Culture often depends on geography.

Southwest

• Grow maize, beans
• Live in ADOBE houses, pueblos, or in cliff side dwellings

Mississippi River Valley

• Hot and fertile
• Built large mounds

The Plains

• Arid grasslands
• Burn the plains
• Hunt buffalo

Northeast

• Develop into two major language groups:
• Algonquin:
• Iroquois:
• Five tribes form the IROQUOIS LEAGUE.

Untitled Slide

Cultural Similarities

• Decentralized power
• Equality among/within tribes
• No ownership of land
• Spirits
• Division of labor

1.2 "The Europeans"

• Middle Ages − period in European history from the fifth century through the fourteenth century marked by an absence of effective central government Renaissance − period in European history lasting from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, which ushered in a more secular age and encouraged freedom of thought, the importance of the individual, and renewed interest in classical learning
• reconquista − prolonged battle, ending in 1492, that reestablished Spanish Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula after 700 years of Muslim dominance Prince Henry the Navigator − leader who directed Portuguese efforts to sail into the Atlantic, spread Christianity, and outflank Muslim domination of trade

Untitled Slide

• The Middle Ages were a hot mess!
• Rebuilding after the Plague.
• Mostly agrarian

Social Structure

• Royalty and Aristocrats
• Church Leaders and Merchants
• Middle Class
• Po' Folk

Crusades and Curiousity

• Soldiers came back with foreign goods...
• New stuff=Better stuff
• What else is out there?

Prince Henry the Navigator

1.3 "The West Africans"

• Ghana − prominent kingdom in West Africa, known for its wealth and trade in gold, lasting from A.D. 800 to A.D. 1050 Mali − West African empire lasting from 1200 to the 1400s that prospered from the gold trade Mansa Musa − king of Mali in the early 1300s who expanded the kingdom’s domain, increased the role of Islam, and promoted scholarship Songhai − large West African empire lasting from 1460 to the 1600s

Three Major Climates

• Northern Africa: Sahara Desert
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Savannah
• Tropical Forests
• Lots of Gold and Salt
• Lots of trade

Major Kingdoms

• Mali
• Ghana
• Songhai
• Lil' Benin

Cultural Similaries

• Spirits/Ancestors
• Islam (Literacy)
• Communal ownership of land
• Slave labor....

Slavery

• Not based on race
• Usually prisoners of war
• Time limits
• Marry/Adopt out of slavery
• Children were not slaves

1.4 "First Encounters"

• Columbian Exchange – the global exchange of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492

Explorers/Conquistadors

• Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese mariner who sailed around southern Africa in 1487 Vasco da Gama – Portuguese mariner who sailed around southern Africa to India in 1498 Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner sailing for Spain who in 1492 sailed west to reach Asia but reached the islands of the Caribbean instead John Cabot – Genoese mariner employed by the English who sailed to Newfoundland in 1497
• Pedro Alvarez Cabral – Portuguese mariner who reached the coast of Brazil in 1500 Amerigo Vespucci – Genoese mariner who explored South America’s coast in 1501; Europeans mapmakers called the new continents America, a variant of his name Ferdinand Magellan – mariner whose 1519−1522 expedition succeeded in encircling the globe
• Hernán Cortés – conquistador who invaded present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztecs

European Motives

Columbus

• 4 voyages
• Doesn't ever make it to China ("Indians")
• Enslaves natives

Treaty of Tordesillas

Untitled Slide

Populatin'

• Europe: Population increased with varied food supply
• Americas: Population decreased primarily due to disease

2.1 "Spain's Empire in the Americas"

• missionaries – people who work to convert others to their religion presidio – Spanish fort located near Spanish mission viceroy – ruler of a section of the Spanish empire in the Americas, appointed by the Spanish king mestizo – child of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry mission – a location for missionary work

Viceroyalties

• "New Spain": Mexico, Central America, Caribbean
• "Peru": South America (except Brazil)
• Viceroys and Clergy oversaw
• No elected positions

St. Augustine

Social Hierarchy: "Castas"

• Peninsulares
• Creoles
• Mestizos
• Mulattos
• Enslaved Africans and Native American

Mission Missions

• Missions were established
• Natives had to convert and work for church
• In New Mexico, Pueblo Indians revolted
• Pope: Pueblo Leader

Rebellion led to "Compromise"

2.2 "The French Empire"

• Northwest Passage – a supposed water route to Asia through the cold waters of present-day Canada Quebec – first permanent European settlement in Canada Samuel de Champlain – Quebec’s founder coureurs de bois – French fur traders metis – children of French and Indian marriages

Fur Trade

Colonial Characteristics

• Didn't take land
• Didn't enslave natives
• "Intermarried"
• Military governor-general oversaw colony (No elected positions)
• Help allied groups fight other native tribes

New Orleans

• Awesome because it's at the base of the Mississippi
• Wretch because it's swampy
• Talking in a Cajun accent is pretty much the best thing ever!

Questions?

Good Luck on the Quiz tomorrow!