CELL BIOLOGY REVIEW

THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY

• Cell: the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life
• Cell theory:
• 1) all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
• 2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
• 3) cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

MICROSCOPES

• Began being used in the 17th century
• Van leeuwenhoeks microscope:
• *the lenses were ground very precisely
• A light microscope:
• *uses optical lenses to magnify objects by bending light rays

ROBERT HOOKE

• Used a microscope to view cork cells.
• Described cells as many little boxes.
• They appeared empty because:
• *They were dead plant cells.
• *The material inside was destroyed.

THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY

TIMELINE OF CELL BIOLOGY.

TIMELINE CONTINUED.

TWO TYPES OF CELLS

• Prokaryote.
• Eukaryote.

PROKARYOTIC CELL

• Lacks a membrane bound nucleus.
• Lacks membrane bound organelles.
• Smaller than eukaryotic cells.

EUKARYOTIC CELL

• Contains a membrane bound nucleus.
• Contains membrane bound organelles.
• Bigger then prokaryotic cells.

SOME FACTS ABOUT CELLS.

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• Nucleus is an organelle that contains coded information in the form of
• DNA for regulating functions and reproduction and directs most activities
• Of the cell.
• Organelle: cell component that performs specific functions for the cell.

CELL ORGANELLES AND FEATURES

• NUCLEOPLASM: jelly like liquid that fills the nucleus
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Microtubule: 1 of 3 structural elements that make up cytoskeleton.

UNIQUE FEATURES OF PLANT CELLS

• Plastid: organelle thats surrounded by a double membrane & has DNA
• Thylakoids: flattened membranous sacs that contain chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll: green pigment that absorbs light
• & Captures energy for a plant cell.

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NUCLEAR MEMBRANE SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS, HAS A DOUBLE MEMBRANE.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes
• Rough ER: has ribosomes.
• Carries materials through cells
• Ribosomes make proteins. ER aids in making proteins
• Ribosomes connect to ER or free float

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VACUOLE

• Plant cells have a single, large vacuole.
• Animal cells have small vacuoles.
• Fluid filled sacs and largest organelle in plant cells.
• Store food, water, and toxic wastes.
• Store large amounts of foods or sugars in plants.

CHLOROPLAST

• Found in plants and algae cells.
• Green oval contains chlorophyll, gel like innermost
• Double membrane with inner membrane modified into sacs (thylakoids)
• Photosynthesis- uses energy from the sun to make food
• Releases oxygen.

GOLGI APPARATUS

• Found in All cells accept prokaryotes
• Stacks of flattened sacs "The Post Office"
• Have a cis & trans face
• Modify proteins made by the cells.
• Package & export proteins.

CENTRIOLES AND NUCLEOLUS

• Nucleolus found in all cells except prokaryote. Found inside the nucleus.
• Stores materials to be later used to make ribosomes.
• Centrioles are found in animal cells.
• They are paired structures near the nucleus. Made of Microtubule pairs
• Separates chromosome pairs during mitosis.

CYTOSKELETON

• Network of tubes and filaments that give a cell it's shape.
• & serves as tracks for the movement of organelles in the cell.
• Helps a cell divide.
• Helps a cell grow.

CILIA

• Found in animal cells.
• Have 9-2 arrangement of microtubules.
• Makes the cell able to move.

FLAGELLUM

• Found in bacteria
• Have 9-2 arrangement of microtubules
• Makes the cell mobile.

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

EXTRA VOCABULARY

• ATP: special molecule that provides energy for a cells activities.
• Ecosystem: a community & all of the nonliving things that affect it.
• Population: a group of the same kind of organisms that live in the same area at the same time
• Community: all of the populations of different species that live and interact in an area.
• Multicellular: describes an organism that can exist only as a group of cells.