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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Africa during the COld war era
- Political Goal: Neutrality
- Domestic Goal: Pan Africanism
- US & USSR Fight for Influence
Summary
Comprehensive and representative of the Cold War Era. A thought out "winner" is described.
Political: Keep Africa free of the restrictive forces of the Cold War
Comprehensive and representative of the Cold War Era. A thought out "winner" is described.
Political: Keep Africa free of the restrictive forces of the Cold War
Photo by beckstei
African Countries Gain Independance
96% of African countries gained their independence throughout the cold war era. Significant discontinuities existed between the newly independent countries, including economic conceptions, languages, and ideologies. The unstable nature of inner relations directly affected Africa's role in the cold war.
The decolonization of Africa resulted in several Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union over the newly independent, non-aligned nations.
The decolonization of Africa resulted in several Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union over the newly independent, non-aligned nations.
Photo by Amyn Kassam
Neutrality
Ideas of neutrality spurred from the pan africanism movement. While leaders wanted to take a stance as newly independent powers African countries had too many domestic issues to sort out to be taking a firm stance on either side of the cold war.
While the fights over decolonized areas between the US and USSR made the neutrality stance more difficult, the "pan-african-national" consensus was first and foremost neutrality.
While the fights over decolonized areas between the US and USSR made the neutrality stance more difficult, the "pan-african-national" consensus was first and foremost neutrality.
Photo by DonkeyHotey
Pan Africanism
During the Cold War Era
During this Era, domestically, Africa was in disputation.
The resolution for African leaders was to nationally embrace Pan Africanism.
Pan Africanism is the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.
Supporters of the Pan Africanism movements agreed that the diversity of the people and societies could only prosper economically and become free and powerfully politically if politically united. Pan Africanists argued that European powers gained colonial rule through division, thus, Africa could only achieve independence through unification.
The resolution for African leaders was to nationally embrace Pan Africanism.
Pan Africanism is the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.
Supporters of the Pan Africanism movements agreed that the diversity of the people and societies could only prosper economically and become free and powerfully politically if politically united. Pan Africanists argued that European powers gained colonial rule through division, thus, Africa could only achieve independence through unification.
Photo by sjdvda
Suez Crisis
OCTOBER 29, 1956
*Event 1/5*
Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal right after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, initiating the Suez Crisis. The Israelis were joined by French and British forces, nearly bringing the Soviet Union into the conflict, which damaged the relations with the US. In the end, the British, French and Israeli governments withdrew troops.
Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal right after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, initiating the Suez Crisis. The Israelis were joined by French and British forces, nearly bringing the Soviet Union into the conflict, which damaged the relations with the US. In the end, the British, French and Israeli governments withdrew troops.
Photo by @Doug88888
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
JANUARY 23, 1963 (-1974)
*Event 2/5*
"Portugal's Vietnam"
Armed conflict and national liberation struggle that took place in Portuguese Guinea. The war led to the independence of both Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
"Portugal's Vietnam"
Armed conflict and national liberation struggle that took place in Portuguese Guinea. The war led to the independence of both Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
Photo by smith_cl9
Pre-Independent Congolese Elected
- President: Joseph Kasavubu
- Prime Minister: Patrice Lumumba
- A Senate
- An Assembly
*CAUSES*
Today's Democratic Republic of the Congo had achieved independence through rebellion.
As they drew nearer to independence bodies were formed and elected in the Congo’s numerous provinces
Today's Democratic Republic of the Congo had achieved independence through rebellion.
As they drew nearer to independence bodies were formed and elected in the Congo’s numerous provinces
Photo by blacque_jacques
BELGIAN CONGO GAINed INDEPENDENCE
JUNE 30, 1960
*Detailed Event*
Fits in Cold War Era, includes causes, details, and effects(both short and long.)
*COLD WAR FIT*
The Eisenhower administration hoped the Republic would form a stable, pro-Western, central government.
Hopes vanished b/c nation descended into chaos.
Fits in Cold War Era, includes causes, details, and effects(both short and long.)
*COLD WAR FIT*
The Eisenhower administration hoped the Republic would form a stable, pro-Western, central government.
Hopes vanished b/c nation descended into chaos.
Photo by blacque_jacques
Congolese soldier Defiance Spurs Violence
JULY 5
*SHORT TERM EFFECT*
CONGOLESE SOLDIERS MUTINIED COMMANDERS
-Force Publique
-mutinied(wouldn't obey orders)
-white Belgian commanders
-Thysville military base
-B/C: sought higher pay, greater opportunity and authority
This act of defiance spread to other bases and violence swept across the nation.
Caused thousands of Belgians, and other Europeans to flee with stories negatively reflecting "whites" globally
the Belgians brought in troops to restore order but did so without permission from either the prez or prime minister
CONGOLESE SOLDIERS MUTINIED COMMANDERS
-Force Publique
-mutinied(wouldn't obey orders)
-white Belgian commanders
-Thysville military base
-B/C: sought higher pay, greater opportunity and authority
This act of defiance spread to other bases and violence swept across the nation.
Caused thousands of Belgians, and other Europeans to flee with stories negatively reflecting "whites" globally
the Belgians brought in troops to restore order but did so without permission from either the prez or prime minister
Photo by blacque_jacques
July 13 - UN Approved Resolution:
- Created ONUC (intervention force)
- Called for withdrawal of all Belgian troops
the Congolese gov appealed to the UN to provide troops and demanded the removal of Belgian troops.
The US supported the U.N. effort but saw an opening for Soviet intervention and responded with a diplomatic solution.
The prime minister was invited to Washington to gain positive influence.
CIA Reports described the situation in the Congo as a classic Communist takeover. This along with the arrival of Soviet bloc technicians and matériel, convinced members of the national security team that the prime minister had to be removed. The US was willing to assassinate the prime minister if necessary.
The US supported the U.N. effort but saw an opening for Soviet intervention and responded with a diplomatic solution.
The prime minister was invited to Washington to gain positive influence.
CIA Reports described the situation in the Congo as a classic Communist takeover. This along with the arrival of Soviet bloc technicians and matériel, convinced members of the national security team that the prime minister had to be removed. The US was willing to assassinate the prime minister if necessary.
Photo by blacque_jacques
The President dismisses the Prime Minister
SEPTEMBER 5
*SHORT TERM EFFECT*
When the prime minister ignored the president the nation found itself on the brink of civil war.
In effort to prevent: Colonel Joseph (CNA) ordered the Soviets out of the country and support a pro-Western government
The prime minister was blamed for conflict and killed.
When the prime minister ignored the president the nation found itself on the brink of civil war.
In effort to prevent: Colonel Joseph (CNA) ordered the Soviets out of the country and support a pro-Western government
The prime minister was blamed for conflict and killed.
Photo by blacque_jacques
Western Influence
*LONG TERM EFFECT*
as the Republic of the Congo installed a series of prime ministers, the US attempted to create a Western regime through vote buying and financial support for Western candidates.
Support of the Congo continued through the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Including, political, military, and economic support.
U.S. support continued in the region as it remained pro-western and anti-commie
as the Republic of the Congo installed a series of prime ministers, the US attempted to create a Western regime through vote buying and financial support for Western candidates.
Support of the Congo continued through the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Including, political, military, and economic support.
U.S. support continued in the region as it remained pro-western and anti-commie
Photo by blacque_jacques
Ethio-Somali War
July 13, 1977
*Event 3/5*
"Ogaden War"
A Somali military offensive over the disputed Ethiopian region Ogaden. Started with the Somali Democratic Republic's invasion of Ethiopia.
The Soviet Union disapproved of the invasion and ceased to support Somalia and increased support of Ethiopia
The US ceased support of Ethiopia and started supporting Somalia.
Ended when Somali forces retreated back across the border.
"Ogaden War"
A Somali military offensive over the disputed Ethiopian region Ogaden. Started with the Somali Democratic Republic's invasion of Ethiopia.
The Soviet Union disapproved of the invasion and ceased to support Somalia and increased support of Ethiopia
The US ceased support of Ethiopia and started supporting Somalia.
Ended when Somali forces retreated back across the border.
Photo by D-Stanley
Operation Entebbe
JULY 4, 1976
*Event 4/5*
Operation Entebbe was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by the IDF at Entebbe Airport in Uganda.
A week earlier an Air France plane with 248 passengers was hijacked by a hijacker of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
The hijackers had tried to free 40 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants imprisoned in Israel and 13 prisoners in four other countries in exchange for the hostages.
Operation Entebbe was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by the IDF at Entebbe Airport in Uganda.
A week earlier an Air France plane with 248 passengers was hijacked by a hijacker of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
The hijackers had tried to free 40 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants imprisoned in Israel and 13 prisoners in four other countries in exchange for the hostages.
Photo by atlanticstorm (Christopher_Griner)
1986 US bombing of Libya
TUESDAY APRIL 15
*Event 5/5*
Operation El Dorado Canyon
Comprised air strikes by the US against Libya. The attack was carried out by the U.S. Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps via air strikes, in response to the 1986 Berlin disco bombing.
Resulted in 40 Libyan casualties, and the death of two US airmen.
Operation El Dorado Canyon
Comprised air strikes by the US against Libya. The attack was carried out by the U.S. Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps via air strikes, in response to the 1986 Berlin disco bombing.
Resulted in 40 Libyan casualties, and the death of two US airmen.
Photo by AV8PIX Christopher Ebdon
Merica'
The struggle for world hegemony between the US and USSR was noteworthy in Africa. With over 96% of African countries becoming independent the opportunity for influence on either side was great. The US spared no economic or military measures to ensure Western ideals were spread throughout the newly independent nations. It is clear through the continuing political relations the US had with Africa post cold war that for Africans the US was the obvious winner.
Photo by freshwater2006
Sources
- www.foreignaffairs.com
- Book: Africa is Not a Country, It's a Continent by Dr. Arthur Lewin
- History.com (2X)
- www.history.state.gov
- Book: The United States and Africa after the Cold War by Ugboaja Ohaegbulam
Sources.
1.http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23345/sylvanus-e-olympic/african-pro...
2.http://ipoaa.com/african_independence.htm
3A.http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/suez-crisis
3B. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-cold-war-comes-to-africa-as-...
4.https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization
5.http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4186860?sid=21105895614801&uid=4&uid=...
1.http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23345/sylvanus-e-olympic/african-pro...
2.http://ipoaa.com/african_independence.htm
3A.http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/suez-crisis
3B. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-cold-war-comes-to-africa-as-...
4.https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization
5.http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4186860?sid=21105895614801&uid=4&uid=...
Photo by Euclid vanderKroew
