PRESENTATION OUTLINE
A LEAD AND LINE WAS A ROPE WITH WEIGHT AT ONE END WHICH
The purpose was to determine speed and distance traveled. The float was tossed off the front of the ship and the someone would walk beside it as it went to back of ship.
The person walking beside the float would chant in a certain way. Where he was in the chant when the float reached the rear of the ship would tell him how fast the ship was going.
The cross-staff was used to determine latitude. Sailors would look to see how close the North Star was to being directly overhead. The cross-staff would give the degree.