Alloy: Wrought Iron
Published on Nov 18, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
WHAT IS WROUGHT IRON?
- A soft, ductile, fibrous variety that is produced from a mass of relatively pure iron, partially surrounded by slag.
- Less than .1% carbon & 1-2% slag.
- Very popular during the European Middle Ages.
- Produced by a variety of smelting processes, all described today as "bloomeries."
- Many shapes & forms of iron.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WROUGHT IRON:
- Soft
- Ductile
- Magnetic & strong- high elasticity & tensile strength
- Malleable- can be heated & reheated
- Suitable for members in tension OR compression
WROUGHT IRON ELEMENTS:
- Elements=iron, carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, & silicon.
- Iron=99-99.8% weight; Carbon=0.05-0.25% weight
- Manganese=0.01-0.1% weight; Sulfur=0.02-0.1% weight
- Phosphorus=0.05-0.2% weight; Silicon=0.02-0.2% weight
- Many things in this world are made up of wrought iron.
INTERSTITIAL OR SUBSTITUTIONAL?
- Interstitial because of the low melting point.
- The solute atom is equal to or slightly smaller
- Can fill the interstices of the solvent atoms
- Because of that, an interstitial solid solution forms.
- Carbon is the primary alloying element.
This is a candle holder, made of wrought iron.
ORIGIN OF WROUGHT IRON:
- In 17th, 18th, & 19th centuries.
- Early ironwork dates back to ancient Egypt & Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C.
- Went on to the Middle East, then to Greece in 1000 B.C.
- Then in Central Europe in 600 B.C., to all of Europe in 5th century B.C.
- It's the "iron" that is referred to throughout western history.
- This is a picture of the Eiffel Tower, which is made up of all wrought iron. It's very interesting.
- Charcoal iron was primarily used from Iron Age to the end of the 18th century & produced through a charcoal fire.
- Puddle iron, used since the dawn of the industrial era, is made from cast iron in an indirect coal fired furnace.
- Examples of early ironwork date back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as far back as around 3500 B.C.
- Around the 8th century B.C., early civilizations such as the Hittites and the Mycenaean Greeks began equipping their armies with iron swords.
- The vast availability of the raw material equipped entire armies with iron weapons.
- Knowledge about the use of iron spread from the Middle East to Greece and the Aegean region by 1000 B.C. and had reached western and central Europe by 600 B.C. By the 5th century B.C., iron swords had replaced bronze all over Europe.
- Before the Middle Ages, wrought iron was used primarily for weapons and tools, however, the medieval period brought with it a multitude of uses for wrought iron.
- It began to be used to cover doors and windows of buildings to protect against the attacks of raiders. But more prominently, wrought ironwork began to appear for decorative purposes.
- Charcoal iron was primarily used from Iron Age to the end of the 18th century & produced through a charcoal fire.
- Puddle iron, used since the dawn of the industrial era, is made from cast iron in an indirect coal fired furnace.
- Examples of early ironwork date back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as far back as around 3500 B.C.
- Around the 8th century B.C., early civilizations such as the Hittites and the Mycenaean Greeks began equipping their armies with iron swords.
- The vast availability of the raw material equipped entire armies with iron weapons.
- Knowledge about the use of iron spread from the Middle East to Greece and the Aegean region by 1000 B.C. and had reached western and central Europe by 600 B.C. By the 5th century B.C., iron swords had replaced bronze all over Europe.
- Before the Middle Ages, wrought iron was used primarily for weapons and tools, however, the medieval period brought with it a multitude of uses for wrought iron.
- It began to be used to cover doors and windows of buildings to protect against the attacks of raiders. But more prominently, wrought ironwork began to appear for decorative purposes.
INTERESTING FACTS:
- Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale.
- Wrought means "to work," so wrought iron literally means "worked iron."
- It's first production was a process called bloomeries.
- It can be found anywhere in homes from light fixtures, to wine racks, to candle holders.
- The bloomery process is charged with charcoal & iron ore & then lit.
- Wrought iron was coveted for thousands of years.
- There are essentially two types of wrought iron: charcoal & puddle iron.
- Wrought iron isn't brittle.
- Wrought iron has lower carbon content, which makes it harder & stronger, yet easier to weld.
- One of the first production methods of iron was with the use of bloomeries. A bloomery is a sort of furnace with a pit and chimney, and featured stone or clay walls for heat resistance.
- Clay pipes entered near the bottom of the pit to allow airflow either from natural source or through the use of a type of air pump known as a bellow.
- Once a bloomery was filled with charcoal and iron ore it was lit and air was forced through the pipes fueling the fire and heating the mixture to just below the melting point for iron.
- This forced the impurities to melt and run off while the carbon monoxide from the charcoal reduced the ore to iron in a sponge-like mass. This material was then forged with hammers, which removed impurities in the process.
- There are essentially two types of wrought iron: charcoal & puddle iron.
- Wrought iron isn't brittle.
- Wrought iron has lower carbon content, which makes it harder & stronger, yet easier to weld.
- One of the first production methods of iron was with the use of bloomeries. A bloomery is a sort of furnace with a pit and chimney, and featured stone or clay walls for heat resistance.
- Clay pipes entered near the bottom of the pit to allow airflow either from natural source or through the use of a type of air pump known as a bellow.
- Once a bloomery was filled with charcoal and iron ore it was lit and air was forced through the pipes fueling the fire and heating the mixture to just below the melting point for iron.
- This forced the impurities to melt and run off while the carbon monoxide from the charcoal reduced the ore to iron in a sponge-like mass. This material was then forged with hammers, which removed impurities in the process.
Untitled Slide
- This is the particle-level picture of iron. It has an extra carbon atom on it in the middle, as you can see.
- has a lower carbon content.
- has a lower carbon content.
USES OF WROUGHT IRON:
- Fences, gates, & railings
- Balconies, porches, verandas, & canopies
- Roof cresting, lamps, grilles, & hardware
- Nails & iron cramps
- Tie-rods, bulb-tees, & I-beams
- Wrought iron is used in several different things in this world, many of them being used in homes & industries.
- Wrought iron has been used to build ancient structures, warships, and railways.
- Wrought iron has fought wars, built kingdoms, & provided the structures to everlasting historical landmarks.
- Today, the timeless look of wrought iron can be found anywhere in homes from light fixtures, to wine racks, to candle holders.
- At its peak, wrought iron was used in manufacturing of nearly everything, all over the world.
- Wrought iron has been used to build ancient structures, warships, and railways.
- Wrought iron has fought wars, built kingdoms, & provided the structures to everlasting historical landmarks.
- Today, the timeless look of wrought iron can be found anywhere in homes from light fixtures, to wine racks, to candle holders.
- At its peak, wrought iron was used in manufacturing of nearly everything, all over the world.
Untitled Slide
This is a picture of my mother holding a candle holder, which is made from wrought iron.
Untitled Slide
This is another picture of my mother holding a bell which we found out was made of wrought iron.
