What is a plant?

• Plants are autotrophs
• All plants are eukaryotes
• All plants have cell walls
• Project done by Bailey Phillips

Plant adaptions for land:

• Most plants have cuticles to keep in water
• Some plants have vascular tissue to transport goods and materials
• Cell walls keep plants structure so they don't cave in

Nonvascular plants

• A nonvascular plant is a plant that lacks a well-developed
• System of tubes for transporting water and other materials
• Low growing
• Cell walls are very thin

Three types of nonvascular plants

• Mosses
• Liverworts
• Hornworts

Mosses

• There are more than 10,000 species of mosses
• Most mosses use rhizoids to anchor themselves to a surfaces
• There are two generations of mosses: sporophyte and gametophyte

Liverworts

• There are more than 8,000 liverwort species
• Often found growing as a thick crust on rocks or soil along the side of a stream
• Named for their gametophyte leaf shape

Hornworts

• Fewer than 100 species of hornworts
• Seldom found on rocks and tree trunks
• Most of the time found in moist soil mixed in with grass
• Named for there shape

Seedless vascular plants

• These are basically vascular plants that
• do not produce seeds

Types of seedless vascular plants:

• Ferns
• Horsetails
• Club mosses

Ferns

• More than 12,000 species of ferns
• Has true stems, roots, and leaves
• Most fern stems are underground
• Fern's leaves are divided into small parts
• The leaf of a fern is called a frond

Horsetails

• Very few species of horsetails
• Stems are jointed
• Needles grow in a circle around the joint
• Another name is scouring rushes

Club mosses

• Club mosses have true stems, leaves, and roots
• Similar life cycle to ferns
• Only a few hundred species today
• Have vascular tissue
• Grow in moist woodlands near streams

Seed plants

• A seed plant is a plant that vascular tissue
• and reproduces with seeds and pollen

Vascular tissue

• Two types do vascular tissue are: phloem and xylem
• Phloem is the vascular tissue that food moves through
• Xylem is the vascular tissue that water and minerals move through

Pollen and seeds

• Pollen produced by seed plants
• Pollen later becomes sperm cells
• Seeds develop when sperm cells come in contact with the egg
• A seed is structure that contains a young plant inside
• Seeds protect young plants from drying out

Seed structure

• Three main parts are the: embryo, stored food, and seed coat
• Seed coats act as plastic wrap for the seed.
• Embryo already has the beginnings of the roots, stems, and leaves
• All seeds have at least one cotyledon
• When the embryo starts growing again it uses the stored food until it can provide for itself

Seed dispersal

• After seeds are formed they are normally dispersed
• Seeds disperse in many ways ex. by animals moving them
• Another way seeds are dispersed is by water and/or wind
• The final way a seed can be dispersed in a popping in many directions

Germination

• It may take along time after a seed is dispersed to germinate
• Germination occurs when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out of the seed
• Occurs when the embryo pulls water from the environment
• Embryo uses stored food to begin to grow
• The farther away a seed gets from a parent plant the better chance it has of surviving

Roots

• Roots have three main purposes: anchor plants, absorb water, and sometimes store food
• Two main types: fibrous roots and taproot root
• Many roots have root caps
• Little hair like structures come out of the root and can go through the soil particles
• Materials, food, and water travel trough the phloem and xylem of the root

Stems

• Two main functions: transports substances between the roots and leaves and...
• stems provide support of the leaves
• Two main types: herbaceous or woody
• Both contain phloem and xylem
• Cambium divide to produce phloem and xylem

Leaves

• These capture sunlight and carry out photosynthesis
• Leaves have veins that contain phloem and xylem
• Leaves also have stomata that a nostrils like structures
• Most of the time the leaves' main purpose is to carry out photosynthesis
• Leaves can lose water through a process called transpiration

Gymnosperms

• Produce naked seeds, this means that they are not enclosed by fruits
• Have needle or scale like leaves
• Oldest type of seed plant
• Four groups exist today: cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, gnetophytes

Ex. Of gymnosperms

• Welwitschia: gnetophyte
• Ginkgo biloba: ginkgo
• Sago palm: cycad
• Giant sequoia: conifer

Angiosperms

• Two important traits:
• Produce flowers and produce seeds that are enclosed by fruit
• Live almost everywhere on Earth
• A flower is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Ex. Of angiosperm

• Apples
• Tomatoes
• Lemons
• Peas
• Oranges

Monocot vs. dicot

• Ex. Of monocot: corn, wheat, rice, lilies, tulips
• Ex. Of dicot: roses, violets, dandelions
• Monocots normally had a multiples of three petals
• Dicots normally have multiples of four or five petals
• Monocots normally have long, slender petals that veins that are parallel

Monocot vs. dicot con.

• Dicots normally have leaves that are wide with veins that...
• Branch off in many directions
• In monocot stems the vascular tissue is scattered through out the stem
• In dicot stems the vascular tissue is arranged a circle like structure

Plant tropisms

• Plant tropism is the plants response the stimuli
• The first stimulus is light... Plants grow towards light to got more sun for photosynthesis
• The second stimulus is touch... Vines and some other plants grow around anything they touch
• The third stimulus is gravity... This stimulus is called gravitropism and plants show positive gravitropism...
• But a negative response when they grow upward

This is the end of What Is A Plant?